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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9): 1712-1723.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04164

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

北方主栽花生品种的源库特征及其分类

高芳(), 刘兆新, 赵继浩, 汪颖, 潘小怡, 赖华江, 李向东*(), 杨东清*()   

  1. 山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-22 接受日期:2021-01-21 出版日期:2021-09-12 网络出版日期:2021-02-20
  • 通讯作者: 李向东,杨东清
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15563177918@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“大田经济作物优质丰产的生理基础与调控”(2018YFD1000900);山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2018YFJH0601-3);山东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(SDAIT-04-01)

Source-sink characteristics and classification of peanut major cultivars in North China

GAO Fang(), LIU Zhao-Xin, ZHAO Ji-Hao, WANG Ying, PAN Xiao-Yi, LAI Hua-Jiang, LI Xiang-Dong*(), YANG Dong-Qing*()   

  1. College of Agronomy / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2020-07-22 Accepted:2021-01-21 Published:2021-09-12 Published online:2021-02-20
  • Contact: LI Xiang-Dong,YANG Dong-Qing
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “Physiological Basis and Agronomic Management for High-quality and High-yield of Field Cash Crops”(2018YFD1000900);Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2018YFJH0601-3);Innovation Team Project for Modern Agricultural Industrious Technology System of Shandong Province(SDAIT-04-01)

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摘要：

大田栽培条件下, 以中国北方主栽的13个花生品种为试验材料, 对单株叶面积、开花数、成果率等18个源库性状进行测定和计算, 利用主成分分析、聚类分析等统计方法, 筛选花生源库性状评价指标, 对比不同品种的源库性状差异和产量差异, 并进行源库类型划分。结果表明, 结荚期和饱果期的叶面积、开花数量、成果率和荚果充实度可以作为评价花生源库关系的主要指标。根据源库特征及产量表现可以把花生品种分为源库协调型、源大库小型、源足库少型和源足库多型4类。源库协调型品种叶片净同化率高, 花期持续时间和开花数量适中, 有效果比例和荚果充实度高, 易获得高产。源大库小型品种叶面积过大, 叶片净同化率和单位叶面积荚果产量低, 荚果充实度低, 限制产量提高。源足库多型品种产量限制因素为花期长, 花数多, 成果率低, 无效果针和荚果消耗营养, 有效荚果饱满度不足。源足库少型品种产量限制因素为开花持续时间短, 花量少。因此, 在花生生产中, 应该针对不同源库类型品种, 采取相应措施控制叶源大小和开花量, 防止叶源冗余、花多不实和果多不饱, 提高有效果比例和荚果饱满度, 增加荚果产量。

关键词: 花生, 源, 库, 评价指标, 产量

Abstract:

To explore whether and how source-sink theory was involved in mediating peanut high yield formation, a field experiment was conducted using 13 major peanut cultivars in North China. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to evaluate natural indicators for the characterization and classification of source-sink types such as leaf area (LA) per plant, number of flowers, and pod rate. The results showed that LA per plant, number of flowers, pod rate, and pod plumpness at the pod-setting and pod-filling stages could be the major characteristics to evaluate source-sink relationship. Based on the source-sink indicators and yield components, these peanut cultivars could be classified into four categories, including source-sink coordination type, large source-few sink type, sufficient source-few sink type, and sufficient source-large sink type. The source-sink coordination type varieties could achieve high yield mainly due to the higher net assimilation rate at the pod-setting stage, the moderate florescence and number of flowers, and the higher economic pods ratio and pod fullness. Large source-few sink type cultivars had higher LA, but lower net assimilation rate and smaller contribution of the leaf area to the yield formation, thus decreased the pod yield. Sufficient source-large sink type cultivars had longer florescence and more flowers compared to others types, leading to reduce the pod rate and pod plumpness, which was the main limiting factor to increase the pod yield. On the contrary, both florescence and the number of flowers per plant of sufficient source-few sink type cultivars were less than others types. In summary, to prevent the redundancy of leaf source, more flowers but less pegs, and more pods but less kernels and to promote the effective proportions and pod fullness resulting in higher pod yield in peanut production, corresponding measures should be taken to control leaf area and amount of flowering according to different source-sink types peanut cultivars.

Key words: peanut, source, sink, evaluation indicator, yield

表1

供试花生品种及来源"

品种
Cultivar 		品种来源
Origin
丰花1号 Fenghua 1 山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University
山花9号 Shanhua 9 山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University
青花7号 Qinghua 7 青岛农业大学 Qingdao Agricultural University
潍花8号 Weihua 8 潍坊市农业科学院 Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
潍花16号 Weihua 16 潍坊市农业科学院 Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
花育33号 Huayu 33 山东省花生研究所 Shandong Peanut Research Institute
花育36号 Huayu 36 山东省花生研究所 Shandong Peanut Research Institute
冀花5号 Jihua 5 河北省农林科学院 Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
冀花18155 Jihua 18155 河北省农林科学院 Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
中花24 Zhonghua 24 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
日花1号 Rihua 1 日照市东港花生研究所 Rizhao Donggang Peanut Research Institute
豫花15号 Yuhua 15 河南省农业科学院 Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
豫花9326 Yuhua 9326 河南省农业科学院 Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences

表2

花生各源、库指标变异幅度(2019年)"

特征
Characteristic 		性状
Trait 		变异范围
Range of variation 		变异系数
Coefficient of variation (%)
源性状
Source traits 		花针期LA LA at pegging stage (cm 2) 860.37-2100.63 29.37
结荚期LA LA at pod setting stage (cm2) 1717.71-2910.91 18.87
饱果期LA LA at pod filling stage (cm2) 650.05-1442.52 26.42
花针期LDM LDM at pegging stage (g) 7.05-11.44 13.91
结荚期LDM LDM at pod setting stage (g) 9.47-15.63 18.87
饱果期LDM LDM at pod filling stage (g) 4.05-9.24 25.01
库性状
Sink traits 		开花数Number of flowers (ind) 67.43-124.10 17.11
开花持续时间Florescence (d) 29.00-46.00 14.80
成针率Peg rate (%) 36.67-26.95 18.89
成果率Pod rate (%) 8.66-24.20 21.27
源库综合性状
Source-sink comprehensive traits 		花针期PTR PTR at pegging stage (%) 0.24-11.85 65.76
结荚期PTR PTR at pod setting stage (%) 26.71-49.48 17.61
收获指数HI 0.39-0.59 12.14
单位叶面积对产量贡献 LAC (mg cm-2) 8.88-24.86 33.41
单位叶面积负荷量 LAL (ind m-2) 144.48-396.01 23.97
产量性状
Output targets 		荚果充实度 Pod plumpness (%) 31.02-63.85 19.63
有效果比例 EPR (%) 40.75-76.21 16.10
产量 Yield (kg hm-2) 6024.69-7944.44 7.88

表3

花生源库性状主成分分析的方差贡献率"

主成分
Principal components 		特征值
Eigenvalue 		贡献率
Contribution rate (%) 		累计贡献率
Accumulative contribution rate (%)
1 5.155 28.640 28.640
2 2.935 16.305 44.945
3 2.915 16.197 61.142
4 2.563 14.239 75.381
5 2.397 13.315 88.696

表4

花生源库性状的主成分载荷矩阵"

性状
Trait 		第1主成分
Component 1 		第2主成分
Component 2 		第3主成分
Component 3 		第4主成分
Component 4 		第5主成分
Component 5
花针期LA LA at pegging stage -0.740 0.236 0.430 0.024 0.185
结荚期LA LA at pod setting stage -0.962 -0.091 -0.077 -0.085 0.010
饱果期LA LA at pod filling stage 0.042 -0.115 0.228 0.952 0.024
花针期叶LDM LDM at peg setting stage (g) -0.355 0.091 -0.152 -0.359 0.480
结荚期叶LDM LDM at pod setting stage (g) -0.942 -0.118 0.019 -0.113 0.049
饱果期叶LDM LDM at pod filling stage (g) 0.050 -0.137 0.243 0.930 -0.128
花针期PTR PTR at peg setting stage (%) 0.595 0.101 -0.069 0.064 0.703
结荚期PTR PTR at pod setting stage (%) 0.742 0.471 -0.260 -0.208 -0.080
收获指数 HI (%) 0.529 0.466 0.069 -0.589 0.136
开花持续期 Florescence (d) -0.246 -0.191 0.865 0.200 -0.233
开花数 Number of flower (ind) -0.089 -0.122 0.901 0.272 -0.176
成针率 Peg rate (%) -0.445 -0.269 0.161 -0.076 0.759
成果率 Pod rate (%) -0.131 0.422 -0.363 -0.048 0.731
有效果比例 EPR (%) 0.182 0.894 -0.276 -0.251 0.039
单位叶面积负荷量 LAL (ind m-2) 0.254 -0.305 0.800 0.119 0.378
单位叶面积对产量贡献 LAC (mg cm-2) 0.896 0.326 0.021 -0.072 -0.071
荚果充实度 Pod plumpness (%) 0.197 0.920 -0.217 -0.093 0.087
产量 Yield (kg hm-2) 0.507 0.471 0.182 -0.192 0.491

表5

主成分得分"

品种
Cultivar 		第1主成分
Component 1 		第2主成分
Component 2 		第3主成分
Component 3 		第4主成分
Component 4 		第5主成分
Component 5 		综合得分
Synthetic component
丰花1号Fenghua 1 -0.770 -1.463 0.217 2.314 -0.438 -0.172
山花9号Shanhua 9 -1.789 -3.702 4.855 2.508 0.526 0.110
青花7号Qinghua 7 -2.751 -0.774 0.691 0.488 -0.152 -0.849
潍花8号Weihua 8 3.421 3.136 0.469 0.444 -1.087 1.307
潍花16号Weihua 16 0.689 0.466 -0.866 -2.314 0.106 -0.206
花育33号Huayu 33 -3.084 1.008 0.213 -1.524 1.011 -0.864
花育36号Huayu 36 -2.696 -0.684 -2.668 -0.851 -0.798 -1.740
冀花5号Jihua 5 4.138 4.381 -1.945 -2.009 -0.561 1.380
冀花18155 Jihua 18155 2.176 1.317 -2.135 -2.613 1.744 0.397
中花24 Zhonghua 24 1.897 1.667 -0.918 1.076 2.478 1.296
日花1号Rihua 1 -0.934 -3.594 2.007 3.264 -4.181 -0.700
豫花15号Yuhua 15 0.721 0.808 0.691 0.195 0.058 0.548
豫花9326 Yuhua 9326 -1.019 -0.566 -0.614 -0.980 1.294 -0.508

表6

利用K-means动态聚类分析法划分源库类型"

组别
Classification 		品种数
Number of
cultivars 		品种名称
Cultivar name
I 2 冀花5号、潍花8号 Jihua 5, Weihua 8
II 4 潍花16号、冀花18155、中花24、豫花15号 Weihua 16, Jihua 18155, Zhonghua 24, Yuhua 15
III 3 丰花1号、山花9号、日花1号 Fenghua 1, Shanhua 9, Rihua 1
IV 4 青花7号、花育33号、花育36号、豫花9326 Qinghua 7, Huayu 33, Huayu 36, Yuhua 9326

图1

不同花生品种叶面积变化趋势"

表7

不同花生品种净同化率和单位叶面积对产量贡献的差异"

品种
Cultivar 		结荚期净同化率
Net assimilation rate at pod setting stage (g m-2 d-1) 		单位叶面积对产量贡献
Contribution of unit-leaf area to yield (mg cm-2)
2018 2019 2018 2019
花育33号 Huayu 33 3.19 c 3.64 d 10.79 c 10.19 c
花育36号 Huayu 36 3.32c 3.49 d 11.02 c 10.56 c
山花9号 Shanhua 9 4.50 b 5.31 b 13.95 c 12.74 c
中花24 Zhonghua 24 3.90 b 4.74 c 18.02 b 18.48 b
潍花8号 Weihua 8 5.59 a 6.84 a 23.46 a 24.86 a
冀花5号 Jihua 5 5.14 a 5.77 ab 19.88 b 23.26 a

表8

不同花生品种库性状差异(2019年)"

品种
Cultivar 		开花持续时间
Florescence
(d) 		单株开花数
Number of flower
per plant 		成针率
Peg rate
(%) 		成果率
Pod rate (%) 		有效果比例
EPR
(%) 		荚果充实度
Pod plumpness (%)
山花9号Shanhua 9 46 124.10 a 73.73 a 14.92 c 40.75 d 33.13 d
日花1号Rihua 1 42 99.30 b 42.27 de 8.66 d 45.82 d 31.02 e
潍花8号Weihua 8 34 98.95 b 52.05 cd 18.36 b 64.58 b 46.07 c
冀花5号Jihua 5 32 84.81 bc 36.67 e 17.49 bc 76.21 a 63.85 a
花育36号Huayu 36 29 70.05 c 59.46 bc 19.63 b 59.18 c 46.15 c
中花24 Zhonghua 24 31 75.10 c 67.88 ab 24.20 a 65.46 b 53.68 b

表9

不同类型花生品种产量差异"

品种
Cultivar 		荚果产量Pod yield (kg hm-2) 品种
Cultivar 		荚果产量Pod yield (kg hm-2)
2018 2019 2018 2019
丰花1号Fenghua 1 4746.91 cdef 6592.59 fg 冀花5号Jihua 5 6037.04 a 7944.44 a
山花9号Shanhua 9 5240.74 bc 7203.70 bcde 冀花18155 Jihua 18155 5530.86 ab 7549.38 ab
青花7号Qinghua 7 5055.56 bcde 6925.93 def 中花24 Zhonghua 24 4703.70 def 7432.10 bc
潍花8号Weihua 8 5222.22 bcd 7401.23 bcd 日花1号Rihua 1 4500.00 fg 6024.69 h
潍花16号Weihua 16 5129.63 bcde 6580.25 fg 豫花15号Yuhua 15 4666.67 ef 6864.20 ef
花育33号Huayu 33 4975.31 cdef 7037.04 cdef 豫花9326 Yuhua 9326 5141.98 bcde 7339.51 bcde
花育36号Huayu 36 4030.86 g 6197.53 gh 平均Average 4998.58 cdef 7007.12 cdef
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