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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (9): 2315-2324.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12054

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

除草型麻地膜在水稻秧田的应用及对水稻的影响

邬腊梅1(), 杨浩娜1, 王立峰1, 李祖任2, 邓希乐2, 柏连阳1,*()   

  1. 1.湖南省农业科学院 / 杂草生物学及安全防控湖南省重点实验室, 湖南长沙 410125
    2.湖南省农业生物技术研究所, 湖南长沙 410125
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-05 接受日期:2022-01-05 出版日期:2022-09-12 网络出版日期:2022-07-15
  • 通讯作者: 柏连阳
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wlmlamei@hunaas.cn.
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业(麻类)技术体系科学家项目“杂草与综合防控岗位”(CARS-16-E19);中央引导地方科技发展专项(2019CT5009);湖南省重点研发项目(2020NK2046);湖南省农业科技创新项目(2020CX58);湖南省农业科技创新项目(2020CX60)

Application of weeding bast fiber film in rice seedling field and its effect on rice

WU La-Mei1(), YANG Hao-Na1, WANG Li-Feng1, LI Zu-Ren2, DENG Xi-Le2, BAI Lian-Yang1,*()   

  1. 1. Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
    2. Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • Received:2021-08-05 Accepted:2022-01-05 Published:2022-09-12 Published online:2022-07-15
  • Contact: BAI Lian-Yang
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System (Bast Fiber Crops) “Weeds and Integrated Control”(CARS-16-E19);Central Government Directs Local Science and Technology Development Projects(2019CT5009);Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2020NK2046);Scientific-Innovative of Hunan Agricultural Sciences and Technology(2020CX58);Scientific-Innovative of Hunan Agricultural Sciences and Technology(2020CX60)

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摘要：

为了明确除草型育秧麻地膜对秧田杂草的防控效果及对水稻的安全性, 为集中育秧提供有效的杂草防控措施, 本研究采用培养皿法和小区实验研究了五氟磺草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、丙草胺四种除草剂附着于麻地膜上对稗草和水稻出苗、秧苗生长及杂草防控效果和水稻产量的影响。室内生物测定结果显示, 24~96 h内, 五氟磺草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆和丙草胺均能不同程度抑制稗草和水稻种子萌发, 且对稗草种子萌发的抑制率高于水稻种子; 96 h时, 五氟磺草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆3种药剂高剂量处理下的稗草和水稻呈现不同程度的中毒症状, 主要表现为抑制根和芽生长及鲜重降低; 高剂量丙草胺下, 稗草和水稻均死亡。在此基础上, 2018—2020年通过田间试验研究了五氟磺草胺15 g a.i. hm-2、苄嘧磺隆30 g a.i. hm-2、吡嘧磺隆15 g a.i. hm-2附着麻地膜时对秧田杂草的控制效果及对水稻的安全性, 结果显示, 除草剂附着的麻地膜对秧田杂草的防控效果比较理想, 株防效达80%~90%, 与对照药剂丙草胺相当; 在水稻安全性方面, 3种除草剂附膜30 d时, 对水稻秧苗的株高和鲜重均有一定的促进作用; 产量上, 施药区稻谷千粒重和每公顷产量均增加, 2018年增产率为0.57%~2.13%, 2019年和2020年增产率分别为0.55%~1.70%和2.87%~6.21%, 与对照药剂丙草胺相当。水稻育秧中可采用五氟磺草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆附着麻地膜育秧膜控制田间杂草, 在合理剂量范围内对秧苗安全, 不影响水稻产量, 在集中育秧中应用前景广阔。

关键词: 除草剂, 麻地膜, 水稻育秧, 杂草防效, 水稻安全

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the weed control effect and safety for rice weeding of herbicides mulching on bast fiber film, and to provide effective weed control measures for mechanized-transplanting cultivation. To study the effect of herbicides mulching on bast fiber film on the emergence and seedling growth of barnyard grass and rice, petri dish, plot experiment, weed control, and rice yield were conducted. Bioassay showed that the seed germination of barnyard grass and rice were inhibited by penoxsulam, bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, and pretilachlor within 96 hours, and the germination inhibition rate of barnyard grass was higher than that in rice. Seedlings of barnyard grass and rice were poisoned to varying degrees by high doses of penoxsulam, bensulfuron-methyl, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl treated in 96 hours, it was mainly manifested in inhibition of root and bud growth and reduction of fresh weight. Barnyard grass and rice all died at high doses of pretilachlor. On this basis, to study the weed control effect and rice safety of penoxsulam (15 g a.i. hm-2), bensulfuron-methyl (30 g a.i. hm-2), and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (15 g a.i. hm-2) mulched on bast fiber film, field experiments were carried out in 2018 and 2019. The results revealed that the control effect of herbicide mulching on weeds in seedling field was 80%-90%, which was equivalent to pretilachlor. On the safety of rice, three herbicides mulching on bast fiber film could promote the height and fresh weight of rice seedlings. Compared with the control group, the 100-grain weight and the yield per hectare were increased. The rate of yield increase was 0.57%-2.13%, 0.55%-1.70%, and 2.87%-6.21% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively, which were equivalent to pretilachlor treatment. Three herbicides mulching on bast fiber film effectively control weeds in rice seedling field, which is safety for seedlings in a reasonable dose range and does not reduce rice yield. It has a broad application prospect in centralized seeding cultivation.

Key words: herbicide, bast fiber mulch film, rice seedling cultural, weed control effect, rice safety

图1

五氟磺草胺附膜对稗草和水稻种子萌发率的影响 五氟磺草胺附膜后, 稗草和水稻种子24 h (a)、48 h (b)和96 h (c)的萌发率, 标注的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图2

对照药剂丙草胺附膜对稗草和水稻种子萌发率的影响 丙草胺附膜后, 稗草和水稻种子24 h (a)、48 h (b) 和96 h (c)的萌发率, 标注的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图3

苄嘧磺隆附膜对稗草和水稻种子萌发率的影响 苄嘧磺隆附膜后, 稗草和水稻种子24 h (a)、48 h (b)和96 h (c)的萌发率, 标注的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图4

吡嘧磺隆附膜对稗草和水稻种子萌发率的影响 吡嘧磺隆附膜后, 稗草和水稻种子24 h (a)、48 h (b) 和96 h (c)的萌发率, 标注的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图5

除草剂附膜对稗草和水稻幼根的影响 五氟磺草胺(a)、苄嘧磺隆(b)、吡嘧磺隆(c)和丙草胺(d)对稗草和水稻幼苗根长的抑制率, 标注的小写字母表示在 0.05 水平差异显著。"

图6

除草剂附着麻地膜对稗草和水稻幼芽的影响 五氟磺草胺(a)、苄嘧磺隆(b)、吡嘧磺隆(c)和丙草胺(d)对稗草和水稻幼芽的抑制率, 标注的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图7

除草剂附着麻地膜对稗草和水稻株鲜重的影响 五氟磺草胺(a)、苄嘧磺隆(b)、吡嘧磺隆(c)和丙草胺(d)对稗草和水稻鲜重的抑制率, 标注的小写字母表示在 0.05 水平差异显著。"

表1

不同药剂附膜对秧田杂草的防效"

药剂处理
Treatment (g a.i. hm-2)		 2018 2019 2020
株防效
Plant control effect		 鲜重防效
Fresh weight control effect		 株防效
Plant control effect		 鲜重防效
Fresh weight control effect		 株防效
Plant control effect		 鲜重防效
Fresh weight control effect
五氟磺草胺
Penoxsulam		 15 84.62 a 85.97 a 78.79 a 80.03 a 87.50 a 86.91 a
苄嘧磺隆
Bensulfuron methyl		 30 92.31 a 89.55 a 87.88 a 85.74 a 90.00 a 88.24 a
吡嘧磺隆
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl		 15 92.31 a 93.95 a 90.91 a 90.33 a 92.50 a 95.20 a
对照药剂: 丙草胺
Control: Pretilachlor		 480 84.62 a 85.56 a 75.76 a 79.08 a 80.00 a 87.39 a
清水附膜
Water mulching on film		 — 23.08 b 29.30 b 30.30 b 24.09 b 47.50 b 46.82 b

表2

不同药剂附膜对水稻秧苗的影响"

药剂处理
Treatment (g a.i. hm-2)		 2018 2019 2020
根长
Root length (cm)		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight
(g)		 根长
Root length (cm)		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight
(g)		 根长
Root length (cm)		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight
(g)
五氟磺草胺
Penoxsulam		 15 4.69 b 26.62 bc 6.21 abc 4.19 c 26.48 b 6.44 bc 4.34 a 24.07 ab 6.54 a
苄嘧磺隆
Bensulfuron methyl		 30 4.79 ab 26.87 b 6.68 ab 4.27 ab 26.34 bc 6.94 a 4.41 a 24.26 ab 6.50 a
吡嘧磺隆
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl		 15 4.80 ab 27.73 a 6.84 a 4.29 ab 27.09 a 7.02 a 4.45 a 24.68 a 6.41 a
对照药剂: 丙草胺
Control: Pretilachlor		 480 3.89 c 25.15 e 5.81 bc 3.96 d 25.95 d 6.14 d 3.95 a 23.81 b 6.23 a
清水附膜
Water mulching on film		 — 4.86 a 26.47 c 6.30 abc 4.36 a 26.17 cd 6.47 b 4.40 a 23.94 b 6.46 a
空白对照(不覆膜不附药)
Blank control		 — 4.79 ab 25.83 d 5.52 c 4.24 bc 25.55 e 6.20 cd 4.38 a 23.72 b 6.41 a

表3

不同药剂附膜对水稻产量的影响"

药剂处理
Treatment (g a.i. hm-2)		 2018 2019 2020
千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 增产率
Growth rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 增产率
Growth rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 增产率
Growth rate (%)
五氟磺草胺
Penoxsulam		 15 21.65 b 5596.50 a 0.57 ab 21.38 c 5568.45 ab 0.55 a 21.77 b 5724.20 bc 2.87 ab
苄嘧磺隆
Bensulfuron methyl		 30 21.90 a 5633.25 a 1.23 ab 21.90 a 5607.25 ab 1.25 a 22.01 a 5909.80 a 6.21 a
吡嘧磺隆
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl		 15 21.60 b 5683.70 a 2.13 a 21.59 b 5632.50 a 1.70 a 21.69 bc 5852.50 ab 5.18 a
对照药剂: 丙草胺
Control: Pretilachlor		 480 21.21 c 5445.50 a -2.15 b 21.21 d 5565.40 ab 0.49 a 21.34 d 5779.00 ab 3.86 a
清水附膜
Water mulching on film		 — 21.54 b 5613.75 a 0.88 b 21.51 b 5555.80 ab 0.32 a 21.53 c 5581.45 c 0.31 b
空白对照(不覆膜不附药)
Blank control		 — 20.52 d 5565.05 a 21.28 d 5538.20 b 20.46 e 5564.30 c
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