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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 2250-2257.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02078

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Adaption of rice-wheat cropping system to climate warming in Jianghuai area

CHEN Chang-Qing1(), LI Wei-Wei1, ZHU Xiang-Cheng2, LIU Jing1, LI Gang-Hua1, XU Ke3, JIANG Yu1, DING Yan-Feng1,*()   

  1. 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
    2College of life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
    3Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-11-17 Accepted:2021-04-26 Online:2021-11-12 Published:2021-05-17
  • Contact: DING Yan-Feng E-mail:cn828@njau.edu.cn;dingyf@njau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300100);Provincial-level Modern Agricultural Development Program in Jiangsu(2019-SJ-039-07)

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Abstract:

As the climate warming is increasing, the global average surface temperature has risen by nearly 1°C in the past 100 years. Rice-wheat cropping system is the mainstream cropping system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, but its adaptation to climate warming is still unclear. We analyzed the characteristics of temperature rise and crop phenological changes in the rice-wheat double cropping area of Jiangsu using the historical data from 34 meteorological stations and 45 phenological stations over the years. The results revealed that the range of temperature increase in Jianghuai area was higher in the south than in the north, higher in wheat season and lower in rice ripe season, and the highest in March. In the rice season, the sowing date in Jiangnan was delayed by 3.4 d 10a-1, the heading date in Huainan was advanced by 2 d 10a-1, and the harvest date in Huaibei was delayed by 6.2 d 10a-1. In the wheat season, the sowing date in Jiangnan was delayed by 6.4 d 10a-1, and the heading and harvest time tended to be earlier in the whole region. The rice-wheat stubble stage was shortened by 4.6 d 10a-1 in Huaibei and 6.9 d 10a-1 in Jiangnan. The average temperature of rice and wheat during growth period had no significant change, but the effective accumulated temperature post anthesis was increasing. There was no significant change of the production efficiency of accumulated temperature in rice season, while the production efficiency of accumulated temperature in wheat season increased by 0.008-0.346 kg hm-2°C-1 10a-1. Warming decreased wheat yields in the north of Yangtze River and Huainan area, but increased wheat yield in Huaibei area. In summary, these results indicated that the rice-wheat cropping system in Jianghuai was gradually adapting to the climate warming, and the negative effects of climate warming on crop yield could be alleviated by reasonably changing sowing date. Our findings can provide reference for climate change adaptation cultivation and cultivation technology innovation.

Key words: rice-wheat rotation system, temperature rise characteristic, phenological change, production efficiency of accumulated temperature

Table 1

Regional and climatic characteristics of Jianghuai area from 1980 to 2018"

区域
Region		 包含城市
Prefectural-level city		 面积
Area
(km2)		 年平均温度
Average
temperature
(°C)		 平均年降雨量
Precipitation
(mm)		 平均年日照时数
Sunshine duration
(h)
淮北
Huaibei		 阜阳, 亳州, 淮北, 蚌埠, 徐州, 宿迁, 淮阴, 连云港, 盐城
Fuyang, Bozhou, Huaibei, Bengbu, Xuzhou, Suqian, Huaiyin, Lianyungang, Yancheng		 89,560 14.9 915 2117
淮南
Huainan		 六安, 合肥, 淮南, 滁州, 扬州, 泰州, 南通
Lu’an, Hefei, Huainan, Chuzhou, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong		 72,210 15.7 1097 1935
江南
Jiangnan		 南京, 镇江, 常州, 无锡, 苏州
Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou		 27,540 16.4 1165 1898
全区
Whole region		 189,310 15.4 1021 2016

Fig. 1

Spatial distribution of meteorological stations (A) and phenological stations (B) in Jianghuai area The above maps are from the National Geographic Information Resource Directory Service System (https://www.webmap.cn/)."

Fig. 2

Monthly temperature and its variation in Jianghuai area"

Table 2

Warming trend of wheat season and rice season in Jianghuai area from 1980 to 2018 (°C 10a-1)"

生长季
Growing season		 区域
Region		 平均温度
Average temperature		 最高温度
Maximum temperature		 最低温度
Minimum temperature
水稻生长季
Rice growing season
(6月-10月)
(Jun.-Oct.)		 淮北Huaibei 0.3283** 0.2704** 0.3950**
淮南Huainan 0.3678** 0.3936** 0.3713**
江南Jiangnan 0.5125** 0.4860** 0.5471**
全区Whole region 0.3700** 0.3446** 0.4104**
小麦生长季
Wheat growing season
(11月-5月)
(Nov.-May)		 淮北Huaibei 0.4502** 0.3636** 0.5001**
淮南Huainan 0.4691** 0.5177** 0.4301**
江南Jiangnan 0.6108** 0.5540** 0.6580**
全区Whole region 0.4791** 0.4407** 0.4997**

Table 3

Phenological change trend of wheat and rice in Jianghuai area from 1990 to 2013 (d 10a-1)"

作物
Crop		 区域
Region		 播种期
Sowing date		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 收获期
Harvest stage		 VGP RGP WGP 稻-麦茬口
Rice-wheat stubble
水稻
Rice		 淮北Huaibei 1.462 1.649 6.234** 0.186 4.585** 4.771** -4.6**
淮南Huainan -1.101 -1.993* -2.417 -0.892 -0.423 -1.316 1.3
江南Jiangnan 3.416** -0.011 0.452 -3.427** 0.463 -2.964** 6.9**
全区Whole region 1.259 -0.119 1.423 -1.378 1.542* 0.164 0.1
小麦
Wheat		 淮北Huaibei 2.360 -1.423 0.215 -3.783 1.637 -2.146
淮南Huainan -0.327 -1.807 -1.304 -1.479 0.503 -0.977
江南Jiangnan 6.482** -1.270 -1.942 -7.753** -0.672 -8.425**
全区Whole region 1.697 -1.561 -0.609 -3.259 0.953 -2.306

Fig. 3

Accumulated temperature production efficiency of wheat and rice"

Table 5

Trend of yield change and Accumulated temperature production efficiency of wheat and rice from 1993 to 2009"

区域
Region		 产量变化趋势
Yield trend
(kg hm-2 10a-1)		 积温生产效率趋势
Accumulated temperature production efficiency trend
(kg hm-2 °C-1 10a-1)
小麦
Wheat		 水稻
Rice		 周年
Annual		 小麦
Wheat		 水稻
Rice		 周年
Annual
淮北Huaibei 485.84** 126.31** 612.15** 0.544** 0.056 0.229**
淮南Huainan 445.12** 232.27** 677.40** 0.552** 0.138* 0.292**
江南Jiangnan 80.38** 193.71** 274.08** 0.365** 0.096 0.194**
全区Whole region 449.84** 188.30** 638.14** 0.536** 0.110 0.237**

Fig. 4

Effects of temperature on yield in rice and wheat A: maximum temperature; B: minimum temperature; C: average temperature."

Table 4

Variations of average temperature and accumulated temperature at each growth stage in wheat and rice from 1990 to 2013 (°C 10a-1)"

作物
Crop		 区域
Region		 平均温度趋势
Average temperature trend		 积温变化趋势
Accumulated temperature variation
VGP RGP WGP VGP RGP WGP
水稻
Rice		 淮北Huaibei 0.427 0.760 0.061 5.559 7.238 12.835
淮南Huainan 0.263 0.359 0.293 0.718 0.362 1.198
江南Jiangnan 0.949 0.483 0.765 0.532 3.442 4.163
全区Whole region 0.536 0.071 0.345 3.297 1.379 1.793
小麦
Wheat		 淮北Huaibei -0.096 0.122 0.067 -3.728 3.814 0.276
淮南Huainan -0.001 0.021 0.042 -0.865 1.118 0.281
江南Jiangnan 0.027 0.254 0.127 -5.736 -0.233 -5.946
全区Whole region -0.027 0.014 0.063 -2.335 2.077 -0.158
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