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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 2971-2983.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.64037

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Overexpression of PaZFP36 enhances photosynthetic efficiency and biomass accumulation in Pennisetum alopecuroides

Zheng Mei1(), Li Ping1,2(), Li Cui1(), Hou Xin-Cun1, Zhao Chun-Qiao1, Zhao Xue-Zheng1, Zhang Nai-Wen1, Fan Xi-Feng1,*(), Guo Qiang1,*()   

  1. 1 Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
    2 College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education / Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province / Sino-US Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2026-03-24 Accepted:2026-07-15 Online:2026-10-12 Published:2026-07-22
  • Contact: Fan Xi-Feng, E-mail: fanxifeng@baafs.net.cn;Guo Qiang, E-mail: guoqiang@baafs.net.cn
  • About author:** Contributed equally to this work

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Abstract:

C2H2-type zinc finger proteins play crucial regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Based on previous transcriptome data under cold stress, a C2H2-type zinc finger protein gene, PaZFP36, was cloned from Pennisetum alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ in this study. Bioinformatic analysis was performed, and overexpression vectors were constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana and P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’. Photosynthetic characteristics and agronomic traits at maturity were systematically analyzed through pot experiments. The results showed that the PaZFP36 protein has a molecular weight of 24.65 kD and an isoelectric point of 8.49 and contains two typical C2H2 zinc finger domains. Overexpression of PaZFP36 in both Arabidopsis and P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic performance index (PIabs), while significantly decreasing the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). These results indicate that PaZFP36 synergistically enhances photosynthetic efficiency by improving mesophyll CO2 fixation capacity, optimizing PSII reaction center performance, and enhancing electron transport chain efficiency. Compared with wild-type plants, PaZFP36-overexpressing lines of both Arabidopsis and P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ exhibited significantly increased plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and main root length. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis showed significant increases in pod length and pod number per main stem, whereas transgenic P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ showed a significant increase in tiller number. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between net photosynthetic rate and dry weight. In conclusion, overexpression of PaZFP36 enhances photosynthetic efficiency and promotes biomass accumulation and yield formation in P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’, providing germplasm resources and a theoretical basis for breeding stress-tolerant and high-yielding Pennisetum varieties.

Key words: Pennisetum alopecuroides, PaZFP36, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, yield

Table 1

Primers used in this study"

引物名称
Primer name		 引物序列
Primer sequence (5′-3′)
PaZFP36-F ATGGTCGCCAGCTTCGAAGC
PaZFP36-R ATCCGACATCCTGCGCTTCT
qRT-PaZFP36-F GGTGTCGGTCTCCCTGTC
qRT-PaZFP36-R CTCTGCACCTCTTCCTCCTC
qRT-At-actin-F AGTCCACCCTTCATCTTGTTCTC
qRT-At-actin-R GTCAGCCAAAGTTCTTCCATCT
qRT-Pa-actin-F CTGAGCGGGAAATTGTGAGG
qRT-Pa-actin-R CATGGATGGCTGGAAGAGGA
pBI121-GUS-PaZFP36-F CGGGGGACTCTAGAGGATCCATGGTCGCCAGCTTCGAAG
pBI121-GUS-PaZFP36-R GACTGACCACCCGGGGATCCATCCGACATCCTGCGCTTC
PaZFP36-OE-F ATGTTACGTCCTGTAGAAAC
PaZFP36-OE-R GGATTCACCACTTGCAAAGT

Fig. 1

Genetic transformation of PaZFP36 in P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ A: callus culture; B: infection after callus culture; C: induction and selection of resistant callus; D: differentiation of resistant multiple shoots; E-F: rooting of resistant plantlets."

Fig. 2

PaZFP36 gene structure and physicochemical properties of the PaZFP36 protein A: cloning of PaZFP36 from P. alopecuroides; B: PaZFP36 gene structure diagram; C: prediction of secondary structure; D: the hydrophilicity of PaZFP36 protein; E: tertiary structure of its protein."

Fig. 3

Phylogenetic analysis of ZFP36 proteins from different species and multiple protein sequence alignment A: phylogenetic tree analysis; B: multiple sequence alignment of ZFP36 proteins from different species. Pa: Pennisetum alopecuroides; Zm: Zea mays; Mf: Miscanthus floridulus; Pv: Panicum virgatum; Ob: Oryza brachyantha; Os: Oryza sativa Japonica Group; At: Arabidopsis thaliana."

Fig. 4

Molecular identification, growth phenotype, and photosynthetic characteristics of PaZFP36-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana A: relative expression levels of PaZFP36 in wild-type (WT) plants and PaZFP36-overexpressing transgenic lines, OE-10, OE-11, OE-22, OE-23, OE-40, and OE-61; B: histochemical GUS staining of the above lines; C: phenotypes of 4-week-old plants (a) and 5-week-old plants (b), and leaf size (c), scale bar = 1 cm; D: plant height; E: fresh weight; F: dry weight; G: main root length; H: pod length; I: number of pods on the main stem; J: net photosynthetic rate (Pn); K: stomatal conductance (Gs); L: intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci); M: chlorophyll content; N: maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm); O: photosynthetic performance index (PIabs). WT: wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana; OE-10 and OE-61 are transgenic lines overexpressing PaZFP36; scale bar = 1 cm. All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. ** and * indicate significant differences compared with the wild type at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively."

Fig. 5

Molecular identification, growth phenotype, and photosynthetic characteristics of PaZFP36-overexpressing P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ lines A: PCR identification of T0 positive transformed seedlings; B: relative expression levels of PaZFP36 in wild-type (WT) plants and overexpressing transgenic lines, OE-1, OE-5, OE-6, OE-7, OE-8, OE-9, and OE-10; C: overall phenotype of WT, PaZFP36-OE-8, and PaZFP36-OE-9 plants, scale bar = 2 cm; D: plant height; E: fresh weight; F: dry weight; G: leaf width; H: tiller number; I: main root length; J: net photosynthetic rate (Pn); K: stomatal conductance (Gs); L: intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci); M: chlorophyll content; N: maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm); O: photosynthetic performance index (PIabs). WT: wild-type P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’; OE-8 and OE-9 are transgenic lines overexpressing PaZFP36. All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. ** and * indicate significant differences compared with the wild type at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively."

Fig. 6

Correlation analysis of photosynthetic and growth traits in PaZFP36-overexpressing Arabidopsis (A) and P. alopecuroides cv. ‘Liqiu’ (B) Pn: net photosynthetic rate; Gs: stomatal conductance; Ci: intercellular CO2 concentration; Chla+b: chlorophyll content; Fv/Fm: maximum photochemical efficiency; PIabs: photosynthetic performance index; PH: plant height; FW: fresh weight; DW: dry weight; MRL: main root length; PL: pod length; NPMS: number of pods on the main stem; LW: leaf width; TN: tiller number. Red indicates positive correlations, teal indicates negative correlations, and darker colors indicate stronger correlations. * and ** indicate significant correlations at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

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