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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7): 1867-1876.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33063

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• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Application analysis of chloroplast markers on rapid classification in maize germplasm

WANG Rui1,**(), SUN Bo1,2,**(), ZHANG Yun-Long1, ZHANG Ming-Qi1, FAN Ya-Ming1, TIAN Hong-Li1, ZHAO Yi-Kun1, YI Hong-Mei1, KUANG Meng2,*(), WANG Feng-Ge1,*()   

  1. 1Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop DNA Fingerprinting Innovation and Utilization (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097, China
    2Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
  • Received:2023-10-26 Accepted:2024-01-30 Online:2024-07-12 Published:2024-02-23
  • Contact: *E-mail: gege0106@163.com; E-mail: kuangmeng007@163.com
  • About author:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building Project of BAAFS(KJCX20230301);Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building Project of BAAFS(KJCX20230303);Construction of Scientific Research and Innovation Platforms Special Project of BAAFS(PT2023-34)

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Abstract:

The chloroplast marker has high genetic conservation and is not affected by nuclear gene recombination, making it suitable for the classification and management of maize germplasm resources. Based on the Maize6H-60K chip, candidate markers for chloroplast grouping were obtained and 3549 maize germplasm resources were classified into five groups: B, D, H, C, and T. Twenty-nine specific chloroplast group panels (VCP) were selected and KASP primers were designed by the comparison of genotype information. A rapid group analysis algorithm compatible with chip and KASP platform was developed, which was consistent with the cluster analysis. Five group-specific markers were selected using sequential analysis to rapidly detect the germplasm resources, and a new efficient method for rapid grouping of maize germplasm resources was established, reducing the detection volume by 95%. This method provides a new efficient way to classify and manage maize germplasm resources.

Key words: maize, germplasm resources, chloroplast marker, KASP, classification method

Table S1

Information on 68 chloroplast markers on the Maize6H-60K array"

序号Number 位点名称
Loci number		 探针编号
Probe number		 等位基因
Allele		 在玉米品种B73叶绿体基因组上的位置
Location on the chloroplast genome of maize variety B73
1 CPMIDP02 AX-178078514 - // TCTTT 51,084
2 CPMIDP04 AX-178078490 - // ATGAACTTCTAATG 108,724
3 CPMIDP07 AX-178087616 - // G 33,742
4 CPMSNP01 AX-178078491 T // G 1337
5 CPMSNP02 AX-178078519 A // G 3358
6 CPMSNP05 AX-172772979 A // C 7431
7 CPMSNP07 AX-247287238 T // G 7533
8 CPMSNP09 AX-178078489 T // C 9640
9 CPMSNP10 AX-157921701 A // C 12,456
10 CPMSNP12 AX-157921697 T // C 12,988
11 CPMSNP15 AX-172772981 A // G 13,011
12 CPMSNP16 AX-178078506 A // G 14,852
13 CPMSNP17 AX-157921679 T // C 16,064
14 CPMSNP18 AX-178078503 T // G 16,124
15 CPMSNP19 AX-157921742 A // C 16,309
16 CPMSNP21 AX-247279512 A // C 18,618
17 CPMSNP22 AX-172773004 A // G 18,648
18 CPMSNP23 AX-157921748 T // G 19,299
19 CPMSNP24 AX-172773005 A // G 19,342
20 CPMSNP25 AX-178078507 T // C 19,363
21 CPMSNP26 AX-247233844 A // G 20,323
22 CPMSNP28 AX-157921674 T // G 20,665
23 CPMSNP29 AX-178078513 T // G 21,159
24 CPMSNP30 AX-157921751 A // G 29,999
25 CPMSNP31 AX-157921587 T // G 31,594
26 CPMSNP32 AX-178078509 T // G 31,631
27 CPMSNP33 AX-157921568 T // G 31,660
28 CPMSNP37 AX-157921692 T // C 32,830
29 CPMSNP38 AX-172773021 A // G 33,799
30 CPMSNP39 AX-172772993 A // C 34,124
31 CPMSNP41 AX-157921677 A // T 36,010
32 CPMSNP42 AX-172772994 A // T 36,558
33 CPMSNP44 AX-172773028 A // C 44,905
34 CPMSNP45 AX-157921694 T // G 45,987
35 CPMSNP47 AX-247285852 T // G 48,601
36 CPMSNP49 AX-157921576 T // G 49,550
37 CPMSNP50 AX-172773017 T // G 49,664
38 CPMSNP51 AX-172773018 T // G 49,715
39 CPMSNP52 AX-157921703 T // C 50,718
40 CPMSNP53 AX-172773019 A // G 50,781
41 CPMSNP54 AX-157921584 T // C 52,325
42 CPMSNP55 AX-172773020 A // G 52,460
43 CPMSNP57 AX-172772992 A // G 53,063
44 CPMSNP59 AX-172773002 A // G 56,142
45 CPMSNP62 AX-172773012 T // G 58,831
46 CPMSNP63 AX-172773013 T // G 59,519
47 CPMSNP64 AX-178078502 A // G 61,309
48 CPMSNP65 AX-157921725 A // G 61,560
49 CPMSNP67 AX-172772996 A // C 62,820
50 CPMSNP68 AX-172772997 T // C 64,621
51 CPMSNP70 AX-172772998 A // C 65,052
52 CPMSNP71 AX-172772999 A // C 66,406
53 CPMSNP72 AX-172773000 T // C 66,694
54 CPMSNP73 AX-172772986 T // C 66,832
55 CPMSNP78 AX-172773010 T // G 67,465
56 CPMSNP79 AX-157921686 T // G 69,515
57 CPMSNP80 AX-172773032 A // C 74,978
58 CPMSNP81 AX-172773014 A // G 77,910
59 CPMSNP84 AX-172773015 A // C 79,146
60 CPMSNP85 AX-172772976 T // G 80,107
61 CPMSNP86 AX-178078522 A // C 80,476
62 CPMSNP87 AX-172772977 A // T 105,654
63 CPMSNP88 AX-172772978 A // G 106,410
64 CPMSNP90 AX-178078518 T // G 107,436
65 CPMSNP91 AX-178078493 A // C 107,999
66 CPMSNP92 AX-178078504 T // C 108,597
67 CPMSNP94 AX-172773024 A // G 113,567
68 CPMSNP96 AX-157921671 A // G 115,907

Fig. 1

Candidate Varietal Chloroplast Panel (VCP) selection situation a: the site is polymorphic and the typing result is correct (candidate); b: the typing result is correct but the site is monomorphic (elimination); c: the typing result is missing (elimination); d: the typing result is messy (elimination)."

Table 1

Candidate chloroplast markers information"

序号
No.		 位点名称
Loci name		 特异组别
VCP group		 等位基因
Allele		 特异等位基因
Specific allele		 是否入选
Whether selected
1 CPMSNP02 B A / G A 是Yes
2 CPMSNP17 B T / C C 是Yes
3 CPMSNP30 B A / G A 是Yes
4 CPMSNP92 B T / C C 是Yes
5 CPMSNP07 D T / G T 是Yes
6 CPMSNP19 D A / C C 是Yes
7 CPMSNP09 H T / C T 是Yes
8 CPMSNP10 H A / C A 是Yes
9 CPMSNP31 H T / G G 是Yes
10 CPMSNP33 H T / G G 是Yes
11 CPMSNP37 H T / C T 是Yes
12 CPMSNP45 H T / G G 是Yes
13 CPMSNP49 H T / G G 是Yes
14 CPMSNP52 H T / C T 是Yes
15 CPMSNP65 H A / G A 是Yes
16 CPMSNP79 H T / G T 是Yes
17 CPMSNP96 H A / G G 是Yes
18 CPMSNP18 C T / G G 是Yes
19 CPMSNP38 C A / G A 是Yes
20 CPMSNP39 C A / C C 是Yes
21 CPMSNP44 C A / C C 是Yes
22 CPMSNP57 C A / G A 是Yes
23 CPMSNP72 C T / C C 是Yes
24 CPMSNP81 C A / G A 是Yes
25 CPMSNP29 T T / G T 是Yes
26 CPMSNP47 T T / G G 是Yes
27 CPMSNP67 T A / C C 是Yes
28 CPMSNP73 T T / C C 是Yes
29 CPMSNP86 T A / C C 是Yes
30 CPMSNP12 B, H T / C C 否No
31 CPMSNP54 D, T T / C C 否No
32 CPMSNP64 D, T A / G G 否No
33 CPMSNP91 D, T A / C C 否No
34 CPMSNP22 B-Zi 330 group A / G G 否No
35 CPMSNP41 B-1145 group A / T T 否No
36 CPMSNP62 B-Feng 062 group T / G T 否No
37 CPMSNP85 B- Feng 062 group T / G G 否No
38 CPMSNP80 Evenly distributed A / C / 否No

Fig. 2

Cluster analysis of maize germplasm by candidate VCPs"

Fig. 3

Screening of VCP in maize germplasm resources"

Table 2

Maize Varietal Chloroplast Panel with KASP primer information"

序号
No.		 特异位点编号
VCP number		 位点名称
Loci name		 上游引物1
Forward primer 1 (5'-3')		 上游引物2
Forward primer 2 (5'-3')		 下游通用引物
Reverse primer (5'-3')
1 VCPMB01 CPMSNP92 CTTGCAATAGGACTTACAACCTCC CTTGCAATAGGACTTACAACCTCT CCCATTTATATGGGAATTTTGGATAAGATT
2 VCPMB02 CPMSNP17 AAATTCATTCATTTCTTTTTTGAAAATGTCC CTAAATTCATTCATTTCTTTTTTGAAAATGTCT GGCATCTCGCACTAAACTAAGTCATAAA
3 VCPMB03 CPMSNP30 TAGGAAATCGCGAATTAGATCATTTGTTT GGAAATCGCGAATTAGATCATTTGTTC GCTCGTGCTTCTCTTGTTGAGGTAA
4 VCPMB04 CPMSNP02 AACAAACATAAACTAATTAGATAGAAAAGGAGT CAAACATAAACTAATTAGATAGAAAAGGAGC GAAAGAAAGGGAGTCTAATCCATAGAACTT
5 VCPMD01 CPMSNP19 AGTTGATGGTTAGGTTAATTCACGGAT GTTGATGGTTAGGTTAATTCACGGAG TAACCTTAAAAAGCTTAAAAAGTAGGGGAT
6 VCPMD02 CPMSNP07 GCAGGGGGTAGAAAGGCTGATA CAGGGGGTAGAAAGGCTGATC CTACATTGAATGTATAGCTGCAGCAATAAA
7 VCPMH01 CPMSNP45 AAGCGCGGGTTTCCTTTACTAATTTT AGCGCGGGTTTCCTTTACTAATTTG AGAGAGAGGGTTCGCATAGAGAGAA
8 VCPMH02 CPMSNP10 ATATTTTATAGGGTATATCCACCTGG CCTATATTTTATAGGGTATATCCACCTGT ACATAGACGGTCGACCCAGACATA
9 VCPMH03 CPMSNP49 AGTGAATCTTAAACCCATTGATAAAAGA AGTGAATCTTAAACCCATTGATAAAAGC TTTATTCCCTAACCATAGTTGTTATCCTTT
10 VCPMH04 CPMSNP96 AAAAGATCCTATTTTAACGAATCACACGTA AGATCCTATTTTAACGAATCACACGTG TACCATTAACTTTTTGTGTACTAGCAATAT
11 VCPMH05 CPMSNP79 GTATTTCTATTTTCTATAGCATAAAACCCG AAGTATTTCTATTTTCTATAGCATAAAACCCT GGATTTCTTGTAAATTTATCTCAAACCTAA
12 VCPMH06 CPMSNP33 ACTGACTTCTTTTACTTATTAAAATACAATTTA ACTGACTTCTTTTACTTATTAAAATACAATTTC CTAACAGGTCTGATTTTCGATTTTGTACTT
13 VCPMH07 CPMSNP65 CGATTTCTGTATCGATCATGATATACG ATCGATTTCTGTATCGATCATGATATACA GATATGCGTTTGAAATAGATGTGCGAGTT
14 VCPMH08 CPMSNP52 CCAAAAGGATAATCCTAGAATCCCG CCCAAAAGGATAATCCTAGAATCCCA ATCGGCACTTCTCCAAACCCAGAAA
15 VCPMH09 CPMSNP37 CAATTTTTATCAGAGGACAATATGAATATTAC CAATTTTTATCAGAGGACAATATGAATATTAT TATAACCCCTTGAGTGTTTTAATGGAACAT
16 VCPMH10 CPMSNP09 TCAACGTCCAATTATGAAATCCTTGG GTTCAACGTCCAATTATGAAATCCTTGA GTAGCAGCTATATTTCGGTTCATCCTTT
17 VCPMH11 CPMSNP31 TTAAGTATACATAAAGCAATTTTTTTTACTTT TAAGTATACATAAAGCAATTTTTTTTACTTG GTTAGCATTCTAAGGTCAAAAGTATAGTTT
18 VCPMC01 CPMSNP81 AGGCGTGGGCGAATTAGAGTC CAGGCGTGGGCGAATTAGAGTT GTCTTTGTTTATGCTTCGGATTGGAACAA
19 VCPMC02 CPMSNP18 GTGCTCGTTTAGTGTTCAGACCA GTGCTCGTTTAGTGTTCAGACCC CTTAGTTTAGTGCGAGATGCCCACAT
20 VCPMC03 CPMSNP57 TATTTAGTACTTGTTTATAGACTCGAC CCTTATTTAGTACTTGTTTATAGACTCGAT AATGCTTTTATCTCTATTCTATGGCGCAAT
21 VCPMC04 CPMSNP44 GCCTATACTACTATTCTATGGATAAAGCT CCTATACTACTATTCTATGGATAAAGCG TCGCTCACTAATTGATCTTTACGGTGTTT
22 VCPMC05 CPMSNP38 ATTCTAAAATCATTCTTTAGAAAGCCACAC CTAAAATCATTCTTTAGAAAGCCACAT GGCCAAGTCAGGTTAGATCTATATCTTTA
23 VCPMC06 CPMSNP72 TCATATACTAAAAAAGAATTCAAAAAGGGGA CATATACTAAAAAAGAATTCAAAAAGGGGG GAGATAGAATTCTTCGTGACATGACGAAA
24 VCPMC07 CPMSNP39 ATGGGAACTCAAAGATATCGAAGAGTA GGGAACTCAAAGATATCGAAGAGTC CAACCAATCACTCTTTTATTCCATCCTTTT
25 VCPMT01 CPMSNP29 ATATTCTAAAAAGATTGGATAGCAAAGATTTC GATATTCTAAAAAGATTGGATAGCAAAGATTTA GCTTTATCCCGTTTCATAGAAAGGAGATA
26 VCPMT02 CPMSNP73 ATTTCAAAAATTTTGTATTCTATTGGATTGGAT TCAAAAATTTTGTATTCTATTGGATTGGAC TTTGTTGTAATTCTTCGAATTCTCGAACAA
27 VCPMT03 CPMSNP67 AGTTGAACTTAATTCAAAAAGTAAAGCAATTCT GTTGAACTTAATTCAAAAAGTAAAGCAATTCG CGGGGACACATTTCTTGTGAGCAAA
28 VCPMT04 CPMSNP47 GAACTATTTATCCTTAAATTATTAACAAATAA GAACTATTTATCCTTAAATTATTAACAAATAC GCCAAGAGATTGGCATTTTCATTTGATCAT
29 VCPMT05 CPMSNP86 TTGAATCCTGCAATGGAGCTTCCA GAATCCTGCAATGGAGCTTCCC GCAGCCGGGTTAATAAAACTGAGAAAATT

Fig. 4

KASP type diagram of maize VCPs The blue dot represents the FAM fluorescently labeled allele, the red dot represents the HEX fluorescently labeled allele, and the black dot represents the blank template control."

Table 3

Schematic table of VCP classification algorithm"

特异位点编号
VCP number		 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8
VCPMB01 T T T T F F F F
VCPMB02 T T F T F F F F
VCPMB03 T T T T F F F F
VCPMB04 T N T T F F F F
VCPMD01 F F F F T F F F
VCPMD02 F F F F T F F F
VCPMH01 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH02 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH03 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH04 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH05 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH06 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH07 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH08 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH09 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH10 F F F F F T F F
VCPMH11 F F F T F T F F
VCPMC01 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC02 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC03 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC04 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC05 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC06 F F F F F F T F
VCPMC07 F F F F F F T F
VCPMT01 F F F F F F F T
VCPMT02 F F F F F F F T
VCPMT03 F F F F F F F T
VCPMT04 F F F F F F F T
VCPMT05 F F F F F F F T
分组结果判定
Group results		 B group
 B group
 B group
 B group
 D group
 H group
 C group
 T group

Table 4

Maize VCP grouping statistics"

特异引物
编号
VCP number		 特异组别VCP group 特异组别
基因型
Specific group
genotype		 特异组别分型情况
Specific group classification (%)		 非特异组别分型情况
Non-specific group classification (%)
特异组别
基因型比例
Specific group genotype
proportions		 非特异组别
基因型比例
Non-specific group genotype
proportions		 缺失率
Missing rate		 特异组别基
因型比例
Specific group genotype
proportions		 非特异组别
基因型比例
Non-specific group genotype proportions		 缺失率
Missing rate
VCPMB01 B BB 99.97 0 0.03 99.66 0 0
VCPMB02 B BB 99.80 0 0.20 99.66 0 0.34
VCPMB03 B AA 99.70 0.07 0.24 100.00 0 0
VCPMB04 B AA 98.08 0.24 1.69 99.32 0.17 0.51
VCPMD01 D AA 99.73 0 0.27 99.97 0 0.03
VCPMD02 D BB 98.37 0.81 0.81 99.97 0 0.03
VCPMH01 H AA 100.00 0 0 100.00 0 0
VCPMH02 H BB 100.00 0 0 99.91 0 0.09
VCPMH03 H AA 100.00 0 0 99.79 0 0.21
VCPMH04 H AA 100.00 0 0 99.46 0.18 0.36
VCPMH05 H BB 99.49 0 0.51 99.88 0 0.12
VCPMH06 H AA 99.49 0 0.51 99.70 0.12 0.18
VCPMH07 H BB 98.48 0.51 1.02 99.76 0 0.24
VCPMH08 H BB 97.97 0 2.03 99.91 0.09 0
VCPMH09 H BB 96.95 0 3.05 99.88 0 0.12
VCPMH10 H BB 95.43 1.02 3.55 99.76 0 0.24
VCPMH11 H AA 95.43 1.02 3.55 97.76 0.78 1.46
VCPMC01 C BB 100.00 0 0 99.94 0 0.06
VCPMC02 C AA 100.00 0 0 99.92 0 0.08
VCPMC03 C BB 93.75 0 6.25 99.92 0 0.08
VCPMC04 C AA 93.75 6.25 0 99.89 0 0.11
VCPMC05 C BB 93.75 0 6.25 99.86 0 0.14
VCPMC06 C AA 93.75 0 6.25 99.83 0 0.17
VCPMC07 C AA 75.00 0 25.00 99.75 0 0.25
VCPMT01 T BB 100.00 0 0 99.89 0 0.11
VCPMT02 T AA 100.00 0 0 99.83 0 0.17
VCPMT03 T AA 100.00 0 0 99.72 0 0.28
VCPMT04 T AA 100.00 0 0 99.72 0 0.28
VCPMT05 T AA 100.00 0 0 99.72 0.11 0.17

Fig. 5

Flow chart of VCP grouping scheme"

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