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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 3110-3127.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.63032

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on canopy light interception and system yield in summer soybean-summer maize strip intercropping in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Zhang Shao-Run(), Wang Min, Lei Xin-Hui, Feng Liang, Liu Xi-Wen, Yang Feng, Wang Xiao-Chun(), Yang Wen-Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2026-03-10 Accepted:2026-07-15 Online:2026-10-12 Published:2026-07-21
  • Contact: Wang Xiao-Chun, E-mail: xchwang@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300902-02)

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Abstract:

In soybean-maize strip intercropping systems, the mechanisms by which the maize nitrogen-density interaction regulates canopy light-resource competition and allocation and coordinates yield formation in maize and soybean remain unclear. To address this issue, a two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in the summer soybean-summer maize strip intercropping region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The treatments consisted of three maize planting densities, D1: 5.25×104 plants hm-2, D2: 6.75×104 plants hm-2, and D3: 8.25×104 plants hm-2, and four nitrogen application rates, namely N0, N120, N240, and N360 in 2023, corresponding to 0, 120, 240, and 360 kg hm-2 N, and N0, N240, N300, and N360 in 2024, corresponding to 0, 240, 300, and 360 kg hm-2 N. Canopy light interception, leaf growth and senescence, photosynthetic potential, and yield were systematically analyzed to elucidate the regulatory effects of the nitrogen-density interaction on canopy light interception and system yield. The results showed that increasing maize planting density significantly enhanced light interception by the maize canopy, but excessive density, D3, accelerated leaf senescence, whereas appropriate nitrogen application, 240-300 kg hm-2 N, effectively delayed senescence. Compared with D1, D2 increased the light interception rate of the upper maize canopy by an average of 31.28% and also increased the leaf area index (LAI) and total photosynthetic potential. In contrast, D3 intensified intraspecific light competition and markedly increased the senescence index. Compared with the corresponding low-density controls, D2N240 in 2023 and D2N300 in 2024 increased the upper-canopy light interception rate by 5.56% and 28.80%, respectively, and significantly improved LAI and total photosynthetic potential. The light interception rate, LAI, and photosynthetic potential of strip-intercropped soybean were inhibited by increasing maize density, although appropriate nitrogen application partially alleviated this inhibition. Compared with D1, D3 reduced the light interception rate of border-row soybean by an average of 5.10%. Under appropriate nitrogen application, 240-300 kg hm-2 N, the light interception rate of border-row soybean under N240 in 2023 and N300 in 2024 increased by 3.92% and 10.70%, respectively, compared with no nitrogen application. However, soybean growth remained severely inhibited under D3. Compared with the corresponding high-density treatments, D2N240 in 2023 and D2N300 in 2024 significantly alleviated the reductions in light interception rate, LAI, and total photosynthetic potential of border-row soybean. The combination of medium density, D2, and appropriate nitrogen application, 240-300 kg hm-2 N, achieved a synergistic improvement in maize yield and system yield. Compared with the corresponding low-density controls, D2N240 in 2023 and D2N300 in 2024 increased maize yield by 15.86% and 27.07% and system yield by 7.19% and 16.05%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that maize yield was highly significantly and positively correlated with light interception rates in the upper and middle canopy layers and with total photosynthetic potential throughout the growth period, whereas soybean yield was mainly determined by canopy light interception at the maize silking stage. Therefore, in maize-soybean strip intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a maize planting density of 6.75×104 plants hm-2 combined with a nitrogen application rate of 240-300 kg hm-2 N can synergistically enhance system productivity. This improvement is achieved by optimizing maize canopy structure through the nitrogen-density interaction, delaying leaf senescence, alleviating shading stress on soybean, and coordinating intraspecific and interspecific competition for light resources. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation centered on canopy light-resource regulation in this region.

Key words: nitrogen-density interaction, soybean-maize strip intercropping, canopy light interception, yield, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Table 1

Basal soil fertility of the experimental site"

年份 Year 有机质
Organic
matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total
nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total
phosphorus
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total
potassium
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Available
nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available
potassium
(mg kg-1)		 pH
2023 25.77 1.47 0.88 15.90 115.53 64.58 270.20 7.39
2024 29.58 1.77 0.89 19.00 117.45 65.33 267.43 6.56

Fig. 1

Meteorological conditions during the whole growth period of the soybean-maize strip intercropping system from 2023 to 2024"

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of photosynthetically active radiation measurement points for maize and soybean in strip intercropping H1: PAR measurement point at the top of the maize canopy; H2 and H3, H4 and H5, and H6 and H7 represent PAR measurement points in the upper, middle, and lower maize canopy layers, respectively, at the same horizontal level; H8 and H10, and H9 and H11 represent PAR measurement points in the upper and middle canopy layers of border-row and inner-row soybean, respectively, at the same horizontal level."

Fig. 3

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on light interception rate of strip-intercropped maize and soybean LIR-U: light interception rate of the upper maize canopy; LIR-M: light interception rate of the middle maize canopy; LIR-L: light interception rate of the lower maize canopy; SLIR-E: light interception rate of the middle canopy of border-row soybean; SLIR-I: light interception rate of the middle canopy of inner-row soybean. D1, D2, and D3 represent maize planting densities of 5.25×104, 6.75×104, and 8.25×104 plants hm-2, respectively; N0, N120, N240, N300, and N360 represent nitrogen application rates of 0, 120, 240, 300, and 360 kg hm-2 N, respectively. D: planting density; N: nitrogen application rate; D × N: interaction between planting density and nitrogen application rate. ns indicates no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Fig. 4

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on leaf area index of strip-intercropped maize Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. V6: jointing stage; R1: silking stage; R2: grain-filling stage. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same planting density at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01."

Fig. 5

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on leaf area index of strip-intercropped soybean Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Figs. 3 and 4. V6, R1, and R2 indicate maize growth stages, and soybean was sampled at the same time points. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same planting density at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Fig. 6

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on leaf senescence index of strip-intercropped maize Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. R3: 25 days after silking; R5: 40 days after silking. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same planting density at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Fig. 7

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on SPAD values of strip-intercropped maize in 2023 Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. V12: large bell stage; R4: 30 days after silking. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same planting density at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Fig. 8

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on SPAD values of strip-intercropped soybean in 2023 Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 7. V12: large bell stage. V12, R1, R2, and R4 indicate maize growth stages, and soybean was sampled at the same time points. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same planting density at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Table 2

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on photosynthetic potential of strip-intercropped maize"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Planting
density		 施氮量
Nitrogen
application rate		 光合势LAD (m2 d m-2)
播种期-拔节期
S0-V6		 拔节期-吐丝期
V6-R1		 吐丝期-灌浆期
R1-R2		 灌浆期-蜡熟期
R2-R4		 总光合势
Total LAD
2023 D1 N0 10.40±0.40 b 33.88±0.44 b 33.43±0.86 b 51.72±1.17 b 129.43±1.63 b
N120 10.99±0.08 ab 39.16±1.54 a 39.14±0.90 a 61.08±2.88 a 150.37±3.23 a
N240 11.27±0.15 a 41.56±0.63 a 40.83±0.41 a 63.70±0.49 a 157.36±1.16 a
N360 11.33±0.10 a 38.91±1.17 a 39.89±0.89 a 61.30±2.25 a 151.43±4.38 a
D2 N0 13.38±0.13 c 40.43±0.76 b 41.14±0.63 b 62.61±1.74 b 157.56±3.00 b
N120 13.80±0.14 bc 50.11±0.21 a 50.53±0.29 a 78.00±0.28 a 192.45±0.75 a
N240 15.07±0.39 a 52.39±0.42 a 51.20±1.90 a 79.68±3.64 a 198.34±5.49 a
N360 14.23±0.24 b 50.70±1.68 a 50.21±1.60 a 76.61±2.83 a 191.75±4.39 a
D3 N0 15.10±0.45 b 44.97±0.43 b 44.21±1.10 b 66.78±1.66 b 171.07±3.20 b
N120 17.30±0.18 a 58.10±1.47 a 57.23±1.21 a 85.82±2.59 a 218.45±5.00 a
N240 17.48±0.47 a 59.49±1.42 a 58.26±0.62 a 88.88±4.78 a 224.12±3.70 a
N360 16.37±0.18 a 57.94±1.57 a 58.37±1.24 a 87.63±3.49 a 220.30±6.04 a
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ** ** ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ** ** ** ** **
D × N * * * ns *
2024 D1 N0 8.12±0.15 b 38.50±0.23 c 37.95±0.52 b 23.83±0.96 b 108.41±1.52 b
N240 8.46±0.34 b 43.60±0.01 bc 45.66±0.31 a 28.93±0.25 a 126.64±0.15 a
N300 10.70±0.83 a 46.96±2.30 ab 43.44±1.80 a 26.80±0.78 ab 127.91±5.11 a
N360 11.05±0.47 a 50.43±2.16 a 45.82±2.54 a 27.29±1.52 a 134.59±5.97 a
D2 N0 10.08±0.68 a 44.04±0.71 b 41.98±0.06 b 25.28±0.61 c 121.38±1.09 c
N240 10.23±0.79 a 53.76±0.78 a 53.55±0.82 a 46.69±1.60 a 164.23±3.31 a
N300 12.36±1.12 a 54.74±1.48 a 54.83±0.62 a 47.20±2.91 a 169.14±1.22 a
N360 11.10±1.21 a 51.20±2.07 a 51.39±2.79 a 37.91±1.92 b 151.60±6.58 b
D3 N0 11.64±0.20 b 53.99±0.83 c 52.15±0.53 c 31.20±0.81 b 148.97±1.60 c
N240 11.44±0.48 b 63.36±0.73 b 64.43±1.39 b 55.00±3.59 a 194.23±4.74 b
N300 16.59±1.17 a 68.60±1.04 a 66.31±0.34 ab 47.39±3.32 a 198.88±1.54 ab
N360 14.68±1.08 a 69.40±1.66 a 69.63±1.96 a 53.64±2.82 a 207.34±2.06 a
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ** ** ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ** ** ** ** **
D × N ns * * ** **

Table 3

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on photosynthetic potential of strip-intercropped soybean"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Planting density		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate		 光合势LAD (m2 d m-2)
播种期-拔节期
S0-V6		 拔节期-吐丝期
V6-R1		 吐丝期-灌浆期
R1-R2		 总光合势
Total LAD
2023 D1 N0 5.38±0.38 a 29.53±1.48 ab 25.67±0.64 a 60.58±2.46 a
N120 4.66±0.32 a 27.31±1.20 b 24.08±0.79 a 56.04±2.26 a
N240 5.79±0.35 a 31.68±0.68 a 24.38±0.41 a 61.85±0.73 a
N360 5.04±0.35 a 30.79±1.12 ab 24.22±0.40 a 60.05±1.70 a
D2 N0 4.58±0.35 bc 28.79±1.20 b 23.31±1.44 b 56.67±2.28 bc
N120 3.84±0.28 c 30.65±0.93 b 25.42±0.80 ab 59.91±1.95 b
N240 6.60±0.24 a 34.90±0.46 a 27.21±1.25 a 68.71±1.60 a
N360 5.25±0.58 b 25.51±1.09 c 22.36±0.73 b 53.12±1.30 c
D3 N0 5.69±0.41 a 24.22±0.73 ab 19.17±0.67 b 49.09±0.90 a
N120 3.74±0.35 b 20.95±1.19 b 18.14±0.46 b 42.83±1.85 b
N240 3.11±0.11 b 26.84±1.41 a 22.49±1.17 a 52.44±2.46 a
N360 4.89±0.31 a 24.98±0.36 a 20.17±0.59 ab 50.04±0.66 a
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ** ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ** ** ** **
D × N ** ** * **
2024 D1 N0 14.88±2.36 ab 53.41±4.14 b 50.72±5.02 a 119.01±8.58 b
N240 13.19±0.22 b 65.87±4.45 ab 65.39±6.12 a 144.46±10.62 ab
N300 20.33±3.04 a 70.00±4.66 a 64.68±1.97 a 155.01±7.94 a
N360 17.32±1.03 ab 57.79±3.75 ab 55.99±3.14 a 131.09±6.77 ab
D2 N0 16.15±1.31 a 61.22±2.47 a 58.24±4.90 a 135.62±5.68 a
N240 14.71±2.33 a 53.50±2.09 a 51.84±1.51 a 120.05±2.78 a
N300 17.99±1.67 a 61.18±0.88 a 55.38±2.78 a 134.55±3.49 a
N360 17.21±1.94 a 59.68±4.04 a 51.50±5.08 a 128.38±8.07 a
D3 N0 18.55±5.31 a 53.46±6.09 a 47.66±3.70 a 119.66±14.29 a
N240 20.70±5.66 a 53.98±1.44 a 45.96±4.92 a 120.64±3.41 a
N300 21.26±2.17 a 57.88±2.48 a 49.29±3.64 a 128.43±4.58 a
N360 17.26±0.24 a 59.88±3.82 a 51.55±1.37 a 128.69±4.90 a
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ns ns * ns
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ns ns ns ns
D × N ns ns ns ns

Table 4

Effects of maize nitrogen-density interaction on maize, soybean, and system yield in strip intercropping"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Planting
density		 施氮量
Nitrogen
application rate		 玉米产量
Maize yield
(kg hm-2)		 大豆产量
Soybean yield
(kg hm-2)		 群体产量
Population yield
(kg hm-2)
2023 D1 N0 6515.35±82.33 d 1184.05±19.31 a 8883.44±74.64 d
N120 7936.34±61.44 a 1180.41±38.35 a 10,297.17±123.76 a
N240 7312.36±54.53 b 1238.99±2.35 a 9790.35±51.45 b
N360 7107.19±35.19 c 1175.61±34.45 a 9458.41±51.87 c
D2 N0 7034.62±32.02 d 1128.07±28.36 a 9290.74±51.84 c
N120 7803.02±43.69 c 1061.52±17.42 ab 9926.05±13.49 b
N240 8472.29±47.22 a 1011.11±7.96 bc 10,494.51±59.13 a
N360 8156.03±59.28 b 928.42±42.31 c 10,012.88±28.38 b
D3 N0 7097.80±53.10 c 828.88±29.34 bc 8755.56±108.34 c
N120 7699.44±39.26 b 942.09±3.85 a 9583.61±43.93 ab
N240 8348.49±45.15 a 919.41±46.56 ab 10,187.30±79.17 a
N360 8223.31±55.67 a 765.96±20.81 c 9755.23±78.74 ab
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ** ** **
D × N ** ** **
2024 D1 N0 5547.32±184.22 b 1644.02±25.41 a 8835.37±231.39 ab
N240 6015.33±132.64 a 1539.74±24.31 b 9094.81±147.44 a
N300 6152.37±66.09 a 1331.10±31.41 c 8814.58±125.52 ab
N360 5871.74±131.86 ab 1281.52±42.07 c 8434.79±47.75 b
D2 N0 5574.06±143.98 c 1515.65±48.46 a 8605.36±176.27 b
N240 6651.93±387.89 b 1367.10±44.60 a 9386.13±321.21 ab
N300 7817.61±451.66 a 1206.02±65.04 b 10,229.66±531.52 a
N360 6663.20±46.67 b 1198.35±27.39 b 9059.90±96.40 b
D3 N0 5876.76±157.23 b 1190.94±47.43 a 8258.63±233.57 b
N240 6303.72±75.70 ab 1176.59±51.50 a 8656.89±176.90 ab
N300 6729.51±180.24 a 1180.66±47.91 a 9090.84±94.42 a
N360 6256.77±200.97 ab 1140.60±22.01 a 8537.98±208.55 ab
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植密度Planting density (D) ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) ** ** **
D × N * ** ns

Fig. 9

Mantel test analysis of relationships among yield, canopy structure, and photosynthetic performance parameters of strip-intercropped maize and soybean under maize nitrogen-density interaction P-Yield: population yield; M-Yield: maize yield; LIR-U, LIR-M, LIR-L: light interception rate in the upper, middle, and lower canopy of maize; LAI-V6, LAI-R1, LAI-R2, LAI-R4: leaf area index of maize at jointing, silking, filling, and wax ripening stages; SPAD-V12, SPAD-R1, SPAD-R2, SPAD-R4: SPAD value (relative chlorophyll content) of maize at the bell stage, silking, filling, and wax ripening stages; LAD-V6, LAD-R1, LAD-R2, LAD-R4: photosynthetic potential of maize at jointing, silking, filling, and wax ripening stages; LSI-R3, LSI-R5: leaf senescence index of maize at milk stage and dent stage; S-Yield: soybean yield; SLIR-E, SLIR-I: light interception rate in the middle canopy of soybean border rows and inner rows; SLAI-V6, SLAI-R1, SLAI-R2: leaf area index of soybean at the corresponding maize jointing, silking, and filling stages; SSPAD-V12, SSPAD-R1, SSPAD-R2, SSPAD-R4: SPAD value of soybean at the corresponding maize bell stage, silking, filling, and wax ripening stages; SLAD-V6, SLAD-R1, SLAD-R2: photosynthetic potential of soybean at the corresponding maize jointing, silking, and filling stages. * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Fig. 10

Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which maize nitrogen-density interaction synergistically enhances system yield in maize-soybean strip intercropping through optimizing canopy light interception Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. LAI: leaf area index."

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