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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 589-600.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81067

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

冬小麦-夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

周宝元,马玮,孙雪芳,丁在松,李从锋,赵明()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2018-09-22 接受日期:2019-01-12 出版日期:2019-04-12 网络出版日期:2019-02-01
  • 通讯作者: 赵明
  • 作者简介:zhoubaoyuan@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300207);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-12)

Characteristics of annual climate resource distribution and utilization in high-yielding winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system

ZHOU Bao-Yuan,MA Wei,SUN Xue-Fang,DING Zai-Song,LI Cong-Feng,ZHAO Ming()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2018-09-22 Accepted:2019-01-12 Published:2019-04-12 Published online:2019-02-01
  • Contact: Ming ZHAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300207);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-12)

摘要:

探明周年产量20,000 kg hm -2以上冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征, 并建立资源优化配置定量指标, 为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据, 具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据, 定量分析了冬小麦-夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明, 三省9个试验点冬小麦-夏玉米均实现了周年20,000 kg hm -2以上高产, 但区域间差异较大, 河南和山东小麦产量最高, 山东夏玉米产量最高, 河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成, 河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2~2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1 mm范围时产量均高于河北, 山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5~2953.8 MJ m -2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定, 即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%, 两季间积温比值为0.7, 这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置, 对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式, 高产, 资源分配, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

To clarify the characteristics of the resource distribution and its use efficiency for wheat-maize cropping system with high yield potential of 20,000 kg ha -1 is essential for increasing annual yield and resource use efficiency in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The relationship between high yield and distributions of radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation in seasons of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was quantitatively analyzed by using the data of 45 field experiments from nine sites in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2006 to 2010. The annual yield of winter wheat and summer maize in nine sites of the three provinces achieved more than 20,000 kg ha -1, with large differences among regions. Among the three provinces, the yield of wheat in Henan and Shandong and summer maize in Shandong was the highest, accounting for 16.9% and 21.5% higher than these in Hebei, respectively. The greater differences of yield among the three provinces mainly came from the distribution differences in radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation. The accumulated temperature and precipitation during wheat growth season in Henan and Shandong were higher than those in Hebei, when the accumulated temperature was from 1924.2°C to 2608°C, and rainfall was less than 201.1 mm; while the accumulated temperature, radiation, and precipitation during maize growth season in Shandong were higher than those in Henan and Hebei, when the radiation was 2168.5-2953.8 MJ m -2, the accumulated temperature was less than 2990.7°C, and rainfall was less than 591.3 mm. However, the relatively fixed resources distribution rate between winter wheat and summer maize was found among different experimental sites, the accumulated temperature distribution rate in wheat and maize season was 43% and 57%, respectively, the accumulated temperature ratio between two seasons was 0.7, which is the quantitative standard to dispose the reasonable resources distribution between growth seasons in winter wheat and summer maize. The results are of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of winter wheat and summer maize cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain by using the quantitative indexes established in this study to optimize the distribution of resources between two seasons for traditional winter wheat-summer maize cropping system without any input.

Key words: winter wheat-summer maize cropping system, yield, resource distribution, resource use efficiency

表1

各高产地块土壤条件"

地点
Experiment site
土壤质地
Soil texture
土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)
pH 全氮
Total N
(%)
碱解氮
Effective N
(mg kg-1)
速效磷
Effective P
(mg kg-1)
速效钾
Effective K
(mg kg-1)
有机质
Organic matter
(%)
山东莱州
Laizhou, Shandong
黏壤土
Clay loam
0-10 6.9 0.077 66.5 61.9 130.0 1.6
10-20 7.1 0.088 70.8 64.9 110.0 1.4
山东滕州
Tengzhou, Shandong
潮土
Moisture soil
0-10 7.1 0.076 63.8 73.9 132.1 1.6
10-20 6.9 0.089 66.0 83.8 115.3 1.2
山东诸城
Zhucheng, Shandong
黏壤土
Clay loam
0-10 6.8 0.092 76.0 34.6 120.3 1.4
10-20 7.0 0.086 84.4 36.1 105.0 1.5
山东兖州
Yanzhou, Shandong
壤土
Loam soil
0-10 6.8 0.083 74.0 31.4 110.0 1.7
10-20 7.0 0.064 58.5 24.2 70.0 1.1
河北吴桥
Wuqiao, Hebei
壤土
Loam soil
0-10 7.8 0.066 76.2 38.3 160.0 1.6
10-20 8.1 0.075 51.4 15.1 86.7 2.1
河北藁城
Gaocheng, Hebei
壤土
Loam soil
0-10 7.2 0.091 60.0 16.6 105.0 2.3
10-20 7.0 0.095 49.2 18.5 80.0 2.4
河南浚县
Xunxian, Henan
黏壤土
Clay loam
0-10 7.5 0.092 76.0 34.6 150.0 1.9
10-20 7.6 0.086 84.4 36.1 185.0 1.9
河南兰考
Lankao, Henan
沙壤土
Sandy loam
0-10 8.4 0.085 53.8 76.9 120.0 1.1
10-20 8.3 0.092 46.0 91.8 115.0 1.2
河南温县
Wenxian, Henan
潮土
Moisture soil
0-10 8.2 0.099 46.6 64.3 128.0 1.5
10-20 8.1 0.108 90.2 25.35 170.6 1.8

表2

各高产地块作物种植方案"

地点
Experiment site
作物
Crop
品种
Variety
播种期
Sowing date
(month/day)
收获期
Harvest date
(month/day)
山东莱州
Laizhou, Shandong
小麦 Winter wheat 烟农19, 烟2415 Yannong 19, Yan 2415 10/10-10/12 6/9-6/10
玉米Summer maize 金海5号, 莱农14 Jinhai 5, Lainong 14 6/11-6/12 10/8-10/10
山东滕州
Tengzhou, Shandong
小麦Winter wheat 济麦19, 鲁麦21 Jimai 19, Lumai 21 10/6-10/8 6/8-6/10
玉米Summer maize 登海3号, 郑单958 Denghai 3, Zhengdan 958 6/9-6/11 10/5-10/7
山东诸城
Zhucheng, Shandong
小麦Winter wheat 济麦20, 山农12 Jimai 20, Shannong 12 10/5-10/7 6/6-6/8
玉米Summer maize 鲁单981, 登海9号 Ludan 981, Denghai 9 6/8-6/10 10/3-10/5
山东兖州
Yanzhou, Shandong
小麦Winter wheat 济南17, 山农664 Jinan 17, Shannong 664 10/6-10/8 6/8-6/9
玉米Summer maize 鲁单981, 农大108 Ludan 981, Nongda 108 6/10-6/12 10/5-10/8
河北吴桥
Wuqiao, Hebei
小麦Winter wheat 轮选987, 石家庄8号 Lunxuan 987, Shijiazhuang 8 10/6-10/10 6/5-6/8
玉米Summer maize 农大108, 蠡玉16 Nongda 108, Liyu 16 6/6-6/8 10/5-10/8
河北藁城
Gaocheng, Hebei
小麦Winter wheat 石新828, 石麦14 Shixin 828, Shimai 14 10/8-10/11 6/8-6/10
玉米Summer maize 郑单958, 蠡玉16 Xundan 20, Liyu 16 6/10-6/12 10/8-10/10
河南浚县
Xunxian, Henan
小麦Winter wheat 周麦22, 矮抗58 Zhoumai 22, Aikang 58 10/10-10/12 6/8-6/10
玉米Summer maize 浚单20, 浚单18 Xundan 20, Xundan 18 6/9-6/12 10/8-10/10
河南兰考
Lankao, Henan
小麦Winter wheat 兰考矮早八, 周麦16 Lankaoaizao 8, Zhoumai 16 10/13-10/16 6/9-6/10
玉米Summer maize 浚单22, 郑单958 Xundan 22, Zhengdan 958 6/9-6/12 10/10-10/12
河南温县
Wenxian, Henan
小麦Winter wheat 豫麦49-198, 周麦18 Yumai 49-198, Zhoumai 18 10/15-10/18 6/8-6/10
玉米Summer maize 浚单20, 先玉335 Xundan 20, Xianyu 335 6/10-6/12 10/12-10/15

表3

高产地块地理分布及相应气象台站位置"

试验点
Experiment site
经度
Longitude (E)
纬度
Latitude (N)
海拔
Altitude (m)
气象站点
Weather station
经度
Longitude (E)
纬度
Latitude (N)
海拔
Altitude (m)
莱州 Laizhou 119.94 37.18 48.35 龙口 Longkou 120.20 37.38 28.42
滕州 Tengzhou 117.16 35.08 69.81 滕州 Tengzhou 117.12 35.06 74.89
诸城 Zhucheng 119.40 35.59 64.77 日照 Rizhao 119.52 35.42 37.26
兖州 Yanzhou 116.40 35.41 46.10 兖州 Yanzhou 116.51 35.34 51.70
吴桥 Wuqiao 116.39 37.63 20.18 陵县 Lingxian 116.57 37.34 22.72
藁城 Gaocheng 114.84 38.02 58.75 石家庄 Shijiazhuang 114.51 38.04 84.01
浚县 Xunxian 114.55 35.68 62.79 安阳 Anyang 114.39 36.10 62.90
兰考 Lankao 114.81 34.82 66.27 开封 Kaifeng 114.30 34.80 75.56
温县 Wenxian 113.07 34.94 108.70 温县 Wenxian 113.02 34.57 106.40

表4

2006-2010年不同试验点冬小麦-夏玉米模式高产产量"

试验点
Experiment site
冬小麦
Winter wheat
夏玉米
Summer maize
周年
Annual
河南
Henan
浚县Xunxian 10875.0 13678.9 24553.9
兰考Lankao 10577.3 12993.0 23570.3
温县Wenxian 10428.5 12863.3 23291.8
山东
Shandong
兖州Yanzhou 10434.3 14977.9 25412.2
滕州Tengzhou 10857.5 13983.3 24840.8
诸城Zhucheng 10256.1 12763.2 23019.3
莱州Laizhou 10018.5 15677.1 25695.6
河北
Hebei
吴桥Wuqiao 9356.5 11297.4 20653.9
藁城Gaocheng 9459.0 10605.6 20064.6
平均值
Mean
河南Henan 10626.9 a 13178.4 b 23805.3 a
山东Shandong 10391.6 a 14350.4 a 24741.9 a
河北Hebei 9407.8 b 10951.5 c 20359.3 b

表5

冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间积温分配"

试验点
Experiment site
冬小麦 Winter wheat 夏玉米 Summer maize 周年Annual
积温
AT (°C)
分配率
TDR (%)
积温
AT (°C)
分配率
TDR (%)
积温
AT (°C)
两季比
TR
河南
Henan
浚县Xunxian 2229.2 42 3062.4 58 5291.6 0.7
兰考Lankao 2452.9 43 3219.5 57 5672.4 0.8
温县Wenxian 2356.6 43 3145.2 57 5501.8 0.7
山东
Shandong
兖州Yanzhou 2233.9 43 2985.5 57 5219.4 0.7
滕州Tengzhou 2249.6 43 2999.8 57 5249.4 0.7
诸城Zhucheng 2295.4 44 2962.8 56 5258.2 0.8
莱州Laizhou 2275.6 43 2980.4 57 5256.0 0.7
河北
Hebei
吴桥Wuqiao 2122.8 43 2838.2 57 4961.0 0.7
藁城Gaocheng 2157.1 43 2883.6 57 5040.7 0.7
平均值
Mean
河南Henan 2346.2 a 43 3142.3 a 57 5488.6 a 0.7
山东Shandong 2263.6 b 43 2983.0 b 57 5245.8 b 0.7
河北Hebei 2135.0 c 43 2865.9 c 57 5000.9 c 0.7

表6

冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间辐射分配"

试验点
Experiment site
冬小麦 Winter wheat 夏玉米 Summer maize 周年 Annual
辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)
分配率
RDR (%)
辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)
分配率
RDR (%)
辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)
两季比
RR
河南
Henan
浚县Xunxian 2344.0 57 1776.1 43 4120.1 1.3
兰考Lankao 2395.9 60 1616.1 40 4012.0 1.5
温县Wenxian 2573.2 61 1669.5 39 4242.7 1.5
山东
Shandong
兖州Yanzhou 2629.7 58 1880.7 42 4510.4 1.4
滕州Tengzhou 2591.2 58 1847.6 42 4438.8 1.4
诸城Zhucheng 2714.2 60 1792.4 40 4454.7 1.5
莱州Laizhou 2703.6 56 2177.2 44 4786.5 1.3
河北
Hebei
吴桥Wuqiao 2638.7 58 1852.2 42 4490.9 1.4
藁城Gaocheng 2633.9 59 1863.2 41 4497.1 1.4
平均值
Mean
河南Henan 2437.7 b 59 1687.2 b 41 4124.9 b 1.4
山东Shandong 2659.7 a 58 1924.5 a 42 4547.6 a 1.4
河北Hebei 2636.3 a 58 1857.7 a 42 4494.0 a 1.4

表7

冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间降水分配"

试验点
Experiment site
冬小麦 Winter wheat 夏玉米 Summer maize 周年Annual
降水量
Pr (mm)
分配率
PDR (%)
降水量
Pr (mm)
分配率
PDR (%)
降水量
Pr (mm)
两季比
PR
河南
Henan
浚县Xunxian 154.2 29 386.6 71 540.8 0.4
兰考Lankao 161.2 29 395.1 71 556.3 0.4
温县Wenxian 167.3 30 397.8 70 565.1 0.4
试验点
Experiment site
冬小麦 Winter wheat 夏玉米 Summer maize 周年Annual
降水量
Pr (mm)
分配率
PDR (%)
降水量
Pr (mm)
分配率
PDR (%)
降水量
Pr (mm)
两季比
PR
山东
Shandong
兖州Yanzhou 172.7 23 585.6 77 758.3 0.3
滕州Tengzhou 179.2 23 593.6 77 772.8 0.3
诸城Zhucheng 238.4 27 643.4 73 881.8 0.4
莱州Laizhou 182.6 26 508.5 72 691.1 0.4
河北
Hebei
吴桥Wuqiao 119.8 25 367.8 75 487.6 0.3
藁城Gaocheng 115.2 24 365.1 76 480.3 0.3
平均值
Mean
河南Henan 160.9 b 29 393.2 b 71 554.1 b 0.4
山东Shandong 193.2 a 25 582.8 a 75 776.0 a 0.3
河北Hebei 117.5 c 24 366.5 c 76 484.0 c 0.3

图1

小麦产量与气象因子的关系**表示在0.01水平显著相关。** Significant correlation at the 0.01 probability level."

图2

玉米产量与气象因子的关系 *表示在0.05水平显著相关, **表示在0.01水平显著相关。"

表8

冬小麦-夏玉米模式光温水资源生产效率"

试验点
Experiment site
积温生产效率
Production efficiency of AT
(kg hm-2 °C-1)
光能生产效率
Production efficiency of radiation
(g MJ-1)
降水生产效率
Production efficiency of
precipitation (kg hm-2 mm-1)
小麦
Wheat
玉米
Maize
周年
Annual
小麦
Wheat
玉米
Maize
周年
Annual
小麦
Wheat
玉米
Maize
周年
Annual
河南
Henan
浚县Xunxian 4.88 4.47 4.64 0.46 0.77 0.60 70.5 35.4 45.4
兰考Lankao 4.31 4.04 4.16 0.44 0.80 0.59 65.6 32.9 42.4
温县Wenxian 4.43 4.09 4.23 0.40 0.77 0.56 62.3 32.3 41.2
山东
Shandong
兖州Yanzhou 4.67 5.02 4.87 0.40 0.80 0.56 60.4 25.6 33.5
滕州Tengzhou 4.83 4.66 4.73 0.42 0.76 0.56 60.6 23.6 32.1
诸城Zhucheng 4.47 4.31 4.38 0.38 0.71 0.52 43.0 19.8 26.1
莱州Laizhou 4.40 5.26 4.89 0.37 0.72 0.54 54.9 30.8 37.2
河北
Hebei
吴桥Wuqiao 4.41 3.98 4.16 0.35 0.61 0.46 78.1 30.7 42.4
藁城Gaocheng 4.39 3.68 3.98 0.36 0.57 0.45 82.1 29.0 41.8
平均值
Mean
河南Henan 4.53 a 4.19 b 4.34 b 0.44 a 0.78 a 0.59 a 66.0 b 33.5 a 43.0 a
山东Shandong 4.59 a 4.81 a 4.72 a 0.39 b 0.75 a 0.54 b 53.8 c 24.6 c 31.9 b
河北Hebei 4.41 a 3.82 c 4.07 c 0.36 c 0.59 b 0.45 c 80.1 a 29.9 b 42.1 a
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