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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (5): 1199-1209.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14069

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减量施氮对带状套作大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响

彭西红1(), 陈平1, 杜青1, 杨雪丽1, 任俊波1, 郑本川1, 罗凯1, 谢琛1, 雷鹿2, 雍太文1,*(), 杨文钰1   

  1. 1四川农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心, 四川成都 611130
    2仁寿气象局, 四川眉山 620500
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-20 接受日期:2021-07-12 出版日期:2022-05-12 网络出版日期:2021-08-11
  • 通讯作者: 雍太文
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1448861097@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(大豆, CARS-04-PS18);国家自然科学基金项目资助(31872856);国家自然科学基金项目资助(31671625)

Effects of reduced nitrogen application on soil aeration and root nodule growth of relay strip intercropping soybean

PENG Xi-Hong1(), CHEN Ping1, DU Qing1, YANG Xue-Li1, REN Jun-Bo1, ZHENG Ben-Chuan1, LUO Kai1, XIE Chen1, LEI Lu2, YONG Tai-Wen1,*(), YANG Wen-Yu1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Renshou Meteorological Bureau, Meishan 620500, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2021-04-20 Accepted:2021-07-12 Published:2022-05-12 Published online:2021-08-11
  • Contact: YONG Tai-Wen
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System (Soybean, CARS-04-PS18);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872856);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671625)

摘要:

为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响, 本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计, 主区为种植模式: 大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS), 副区为不同施氮量: 不施氮(NN: 0 kg hm-2)、减量施氮(RN: 45 kg hm-2)和常量施氮(CN: 60 kg hm-2), 监测了大豆生育期内土壤的O2含量和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化规律, 分析了各处理的土壤水稳性团聚体、容重和孔隙度差异, 探讨了大豆生育期内结瘤量、固氮能力的变化特征。2年数据结果表明, 与单作大豆相比, 带状套作大豆可提高土壤O2含量、>2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量、显著增加土壤孔隙度、显著增强后期土壤呼吸的速率, 显著降低<1 mm粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤孔隙度; R5期根瘤干重差异不显著, 但结瘤数量显著增加39.9%, 固氮酶活性与固氮潜力也在此时显著高于单作大豆。各施氮量间, 土壤O2含量、0.25~1.00 mm粒径的百分含量、带状套作大豆的土壤呼吸速率以RN处理最高, 施氮能降低<0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体的百分含量、土壤容重, 施氮显著抑制单作大豆前期的结瘤量、固氮酶活性和固氮潜力, 至R5期氮肥的抑制作用有所缓解, 减量施氮可提升带状套作大豆后期的结瘤量, 显著增强大豆生育期内的固氮酶活性和固氮潜力。带状套作大豆配施减量施氮会促进大团聚体的形成, 增加土壤的孔隙度, 改善大豆土壤的通气环境状况, 保持了较高的土壤O2含量, 促进土壤呼吸, 有利于大豆后期结瘤固氮。

关键词: 带状套作大豆, 减量施氮, 土壤氧气, 土壤呼吸速率, 孔隙度, 根瘤

Abstract:

To study the effects of planting system and nitrogen application rate on soybean soil aeration environment and nodulation and nitrogen fixation, we adopted a two-factor split area experiment design, with the main area of planting pattern [soybean monoculture (SS), maize/soybean relay strip intercropping (MS)], and the sub-regions of different nitrogen application rates [no nitrogen application (NN: 0 kg hm-2), reduced nitrogen application (RN: 45 kg hm-2), and constant nitrogen application (CN: 60 kg hm-2)]. The dynamic changes of soil O2 content and soil respiration rate during soybean growth period was monitored, the differences of soil water-stable aggregates, bulk density, and porosity of each treatment were analyzed, and the variation characteristics of nodulation amount and nitrogen fixation capacity during soybean growth period were discussed. Two years’ data showed that, compared with monoculture soybean, relay strip intercropping soybeans increased soil O2 content, the percentage of aggregates with a particle size > 2 mm, significantly increased soil porosity and soil respiration rate during the late growth period in soybean; reduced the percentage of aggregates with a particle size of < 1 mm and soil porosity. There was no significant difference in the dry weight of nodules at R5 stage, but the number of nodules was significantly increased by 39.9%. Nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation potential were also significantly higher than those of monocrops. Among the various nitrogen application rates, the soil O2 content, the percentage content of 0.25-1.00 mm particle size, and the soil respiration rate of relay strip intercropping soybean were the highest in RN treatment. Nitrogen application decreased the percentage content of water-stable aggregates with particle size < 0.25 mm and soil bulk density; nitrogen application significantly inhibited the nodulation amount, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation potential of monoculture soybean in the early stage, but the inhibitory effect of nitrogen fertilizer was alleviated at R5 stage. Reduced nitrogen application increased nodulation at the late stage of relay strip intercropping soybean, and it could significantly enhance the nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation potential of soybeans during the growth period. Relay strip intercropping soybean combined with reduced nitrogen application promoted the formation of large aggregates, increased soil porosity, improved soybean soil aeration environment, maintained higher soil O2 content, promoted soil respiration, and facilitated the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean at later stages.

Key words: relay strip intercropping soybean, reduced nitrogen application, soil oxygen, soil respiration rate, soil porosity, root nodules

图1

试验地2019-2020年的日降雨量和日平均温度图"

图2

大豆V5期、R2期和R5期土壤氧气含量的动态变化规律 V5: 五叶期; R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。SS: 大豆单作; MS: 玉米/大豆带状套作。NN: 不施氮; RN: 减量施氮; CN: 常量施氮。"

图3

种植模式和施氮水平对大豆土壤呼吸速率的影响 不同小写字母表示同种植模式下不同施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图2。V5: 五叶期; R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。"

表1

不同种植模式和施氮水平下土壤水稳性团聚体的质量百分数含量"

年份 Year 种植模式
Planting pattern
施氮水平
N application rate
土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布 Particle size distribution of soil water stable aggregates
>5 mm 2-5 mm 1-2 mm 0.5-1 mm 0.25-0.5 mm <0.25 mm
2019 SS NN 20.43 b 13.17 b 8.48 b 16.95 a 17.27 b 23.71 a
RN 19.87 b 13.72 ab 9.71 a 17.05 a 19.28 a 20.36 b
CN 25.59 a 14.61 a 9.40 ab 17.05 a 16.46 b 16.89 c
平均 Mean 21.96 13.83 9.20 17.02 17.67 20.32
MS NN 29.15 b 18.16 a 9.91 a 10.31 b 11.44 c 21.03 a
RN 28.733 b 14.17 b 8.99 a 14.19 a 14.22 a 19.69 b
CN 31.92 a 16.66 a 9.20 a 13.08 a 12.85 b 16.29 c
平均 Mean 29.94 16.33 9.37 12.53 12.84 19.01
方差分析 ANOVA (F-value)
Planting pattern (A) 153.00** 58.53** 0.49ns 342.11** 377.73** 15.94**
N application rate (B) 19.12** 12.12** 0.15ns 24.01** 36.758** 104.04**
A×B 1.62ns 16.63** 7.142** 21.33** 6.81* 4.28*
2020 SS NN 28.03 a 15.69 a 9.69 a 16.11 b 14.61 a 15.87 b
RN 26.41 a 14.54 b 8.61 b 18.90 a 15.30 a 16.23 b
CN 28.22 a 16.55 a 8.45 b 15.96 b 11.85 b 18.98 a
平均 Mean 27.56 15.59 8.92 16.99 13.92 17.03
MS NN 31.59 b 16.65 a 8.29 b 11.85 b 12.75 b 18.88 a
RN 31.37 b 16.22 a 9.41 a 14.52 a 14.61 a 13.87 b
CN 41.50 a 14.76 b 6.39 c 11.69 b 10.97 c 14.69 b
平均 Mean 34.82 15.88 8.03 12.69 12.78 15.81
方差分析ANOVA (F-value)
Planting pattern (A) 121.18** 0.91ns 18.01** 411.11** 24.65** 16.39**
N application rate (B) 31.63** 2.40ns 25.47** 77.96** 80.95** 21.91**
A×B 21.16** 12.54** 17.09** 0.03ns 2.47ns 53.09**

表2

不同处理对土壤容重和孔隙度的影响"

种植模式
Planting pattern
施氮水平
N application rate
土壤容重 Bulk density (g cm-3) 土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity (%)
2019 2020 2019 2020
SS NN 1.49 a 1.48 b 43.71 b 44.15 a
RN 1.44 b 1.45 b 45.56 a 45.16 a
CN 1.49 a 1.53 a 43.68 b 42.29 b
平均 Mean 1.48 1.49 44.32 43.87
MS NN 1.44 a 1.48 a 45.49 a 44.28 ab
RN 1.43 a 1.45 a 45.88 a 45.30 a
CN 1.46 a 1.48 a 44.79 a 44.15 b
平均 Mean 1.45 1.47 a 44.79 44.57
Planting pattern (A) 12.97** 7.11* 12.97** 7.91*
N application rate (B) 9.13** 20.03** 9.13** 21.11**
A×B 2.02ns 5.86* 2.02ns 5.21*

图4

不同处理对大豆根瘤数量的影响 不同小写字母表示同种植模式下不同施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图2。V5: 五叶期; R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。"

图5

不同处理对大豆根瘤干重的影响 不同小写字母表示同种植模式下不同施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图2。V5: 五叶期; R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。"

表3

不同处理下大豆单位质量固氮酶活性及单株根瘤固氮潜力(2020)"

种植模式
Planting pattern
施氮水平
N application
V5 R2 R5
固氮酶活性Nitrogenase activity
(μL g-1 h-1)
固氮潜力
Nitrogen potential
(μL h-1 plant-1)
固氮酶活性Nitrogenase activity
(μL g-1 h-1)
固氮潜力
Nitrogen potential
(μL h-1 plant-1)
固氮酶活性Nitrogenase activity
(μL g-1 h-1)
固氮潜力
Nitrogen potential
(μL h-1 plant-1)
SS NN 295.21 a 72.03 a 631.17 a 615.63 a 23.80 b 39.38 b
RN 118.41 b 15.67 b 463.25 b 336.76 b 66.10 a 111.28 a
CN 42.20 c 2.42 b 63.54 c 37.18 c 32.40 b 46.31 b
平均 Mean 151.94 30.04 385.99 329.86 40.77 65.66
MS NN 153.46 c 35.43 a 232.11 ab 188.46 a 75.85 b 133.35 b
RN 240.71 a 39.91 a 312.91 a 235.48 a 136.35 a 255.04 a
CN 106.46 b 19.16 b 137.35 b 64.28 b 83.88 b 107.09 b
平均 Mean 166.88 31.5 227.46 162.74 98.69 165.16
Planting pattern (A) 2.63ns 0.10ns 26.58** 19.32** 116.98** 127.39**
N application (B) 93.36** 29.80** 45.67** 29.55** 35.39** 59.46**
A×B 75.78** 17.53** 19.73** 12.64** 1.32ns 7.48**

图6

大豆结瘤固氮能力与土壤通气环境PCA分析 处理同图2。V5: 五叶期; R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。SRR: 土壤呼吸速率; SO: 土壤氧气含量; NN: 根瘤数量; ND: 根瘤干重; NA: 固氮酶活性; NP: 固氮潜力。不同颜色代表不同种植模式。"

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