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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 177-187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24026

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

1991—2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)农艺和品质性状时空变化特征

白智媛, 陈向阳, 郑阿香, 张力, 邹军, 张大同, 陈阜, 尹小刚()   

  1. 中国农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部农作制度重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-21 接受日期:2022-05-05 出版日期:2023-01-12 网络出版日期:2022-05-19
  • 通讯作者: 尹小刚
  • 基金资助:
    中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2019QNRC001);国家自然科学基金项目(32071979)

Spatial-temporal variations for agronomic and quality characters of soybeans varieties (strains) tested in America from 1991 to 2019

BAI Zhi-Yuan, CHEN Xiang-Yang, ZHENG A-Xiang, ZHANG Li, ZOU Jun, ZHANG Da-Tong, CHEN Fu, YIN Xiao-Gang()   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2022-01-21 Accepted:2022-05-05 Published:2023-01-12 Published online:2022-05-19
  • Contact: YIN Xiao-Gang
  • Supported by:
    Young Talent Promotion Project of China Association for Science and Technology(2019QNRC001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071979)

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摘要：

美国是全球重要的大豆生产国, 中美大豆生产水平差距大, 探讨美国大豆品种主要性状的时空演变规律对中国大豆生产具有重要借鉴意义。本研究基于1991—2019年美国213个大豆品种区试站点共计102,244个年点观测数据, 综合运用线性回归模型、空间分析和结构方程模型等方法, 研究了近30年来美国大豆区试品种(系)农艺和品质性状的时空变化特征。结果表明: (1) 1991—2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)数量和大豆单产均呈上升趋势, 1991—2003年大豆单产稳定在3000 kg hm-2左右, 2004年以来大豆单产以年均46.4 kg hm-2的速度显著增加, 近15年大豆平均单产为3525 kg hm-2; 西部和东部玉米带是美国大豆高产区, 2004—2019年美国有22.6%的区试站点大豆单产超过4000 kg hm-2, 且主要分布于西部玉米带和东部玉米带。(2) 近30年美国大豆区试品种(系)的百粒重呈下降趋势, 而株高和生育期无显著变化; 1991—2003年间百粒重年均下降0.12 g, 2004年以来百粒重无明显变化。(3) 近30年美国大豆区试品种(系)的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势, 平均蛋白质含量从1991—2003年间的41.3%下降到2004—2019年间的40.0%, 美国南部地区的蛋白质含量比北部地区高1.4%; 油脂呈先下降后增加趋势, 平均油脂含量从1991—2003年间的20.3%上升到2004—2019年间的21.3%; 2004—2019年美国有59.2%的区试站点大豆油脂含量超过21%。(4) 2004—2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)单产水平和油脂含量协同提高, 大豆自身农艺性状对单产的制约作用降低。本研究揭示了美国近30年来大豆品种(系)农艺和品质性状的时空变化特征, 阐明了不同时期大豆区试品种(系)单产与主要性状之间的关系, 可为中国大豆品种高产优质协同发展提供参考。

关键词: 大豆, 单产, 蛋白质, 油脂, 时空变化

Abstract:

America is an important soybean producer in the world, and there is a large gap in terms of soybean production level between China and America. It is of great significance to explore the spatial-temporal evolution patterns of the main characters of American soybean varieties in China’s soybean production. This study was based on the observation data of 102,244 variety-site-year observations from 213 soybean regional test sites in America from 1991 to 2019, which explored the spatial-temporal variations of agronomic and quality traits of American soybean regional trial varieties (strains) during the recent 30 years by using linear regression model, spatial analysis and structural equation model. The results showed that: (1) The number of soybean regional test varieties (strains) and soybean yield in America had an upward trend from 1991 to 2019, soybean yield was stable with the mean value of 3000 kg hm-2 from 1991 to 2003, which increased significantly with an average annual rate of 46.4 kg hm-2 since 2004, and the average soybean yield was 3525 kg hm-2 during the recent 15 years; the western-corn belt and eastern-corn belt were the high soybean yield regions in America, the yield level higher than 4000 kg hm-2 accounting for 22.6% of the regional test sites from 2004 to 2019, which was mainly distributed in the western-corn belt and eastern-corn belt. (2) The 100-grain weight of American soybean varieties (strains) had a downward trend during the recent 30 years, but there were no significant changes in plant height and growth period; specifically, the 100-grain weight decreased by 0.12 g per year from 1991 to 2003, while it kept stable since 2004. (3) In the recent 30 years, the protein content of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) experienced decreasing trend, and the average protein content decreased from 41.3% in 1991-2003 to 40.0% in 2004-2019, the protein content in the southern America was 1.4% higher than the northern parts; the oil content indicated decreasing trend while showed increasing trend afterwards, the average oil content increased from 20.3% in the 1991-2003 period to 21.3% in the 2004-2019 period; 59.2% of the regional test sites in America had soybean oil content higher than 21% from 2004 to 2019. (4) The yield level and oil content of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) increased synergistically from 2004 to 2019, while the restrictive effects of soybean agronomic traits on yield decreased. This study revealed the spatial-temporal variations of agronomic and quality traits of soybean varieties (strains) during the recent 30 years, and determined the constraint relationship between yield and various traits of regional trial varieties (strains) of American soybean in different periods, which could provide references for the coordinated development of high-yield and high-quality of soybean in China.

Key words: soybean, yield, protein, oil, spatial-temporal variations

图1

近30年美国大豆主产区和大豆品种区域试验点的空间分布 WCB: 西部玉米带; ECB: 东部玉米带; EC: 东海岸地区; MDS: 中南部地区; SE: 东南部地区。"

图2

1991-2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)数量及其在各地区的百分比 缩写同图1。"

图3

1991-2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)单产、百粒重、株高和生育期的时间演变"

表1

1991-2003和2004-2019年美国各主产区大豆区试相关指标的变化"

指标
Item		 1991-2003 2004-2019
WCB ECB EC MDS SE WCB ECB EC MDS SE
单产
Yield (kg hm-2)		 斜率 Slope -25.4 11 22.6 25.1 -4.59 54.5*** 29.7* 57.6* 72** 20.4***
均值 Mean 3119 3376 3041 3012 2794 3650 3809 3185 3470 3134
百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 斜率 Slope -0.14* -0.16* -0.15 -0.05 -0.01 0.01 0.1* -0.06 -0.01 -0.00
均值 Mean 15.6 15.2 15.1 14 14.7 15.2 15.1 14.2 14.2 15
株高
Plant height (cm)		 斜率 Slope -0.68 -0.34 0.05 -0.37 -0.38 0.32 -0.15 0.63 0.3 -0.04
均值 Mean 83 81 76 78 83 83 84 78 75 86
生育期
Growth period (d)		 斜率 Slope -0.27 0.36 -0.26 — — 0.11 -0.32 0.48 0.82* -0.46
均值 Mean 126 127 119 — — 127 125 134 138 139
蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.01 0.02 0.13 -0.04 -0.08 0.03 -0.08 -0.05 0.02 0.02
均值 Mean 40.8 41.1 40.8 41.9 41.7 39.5 39.4 40.1 40.8 40.8
油脂含量
Oil content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.01 -0.05 -0.17** -0.04 -0.08** 0.15*** 0.23*** 0.22*** 0.21*** 0.2***
均值 Mean 20.1 20.4 19.9 20.4 20.3 21.1 21.5 20.7 21.5 21.3
蛋白质+油脂含量
P+O content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.09 -0.16 0.19*** 0.15** 0.17** 0.23** 0.22***
均值 Mean 60.8 61.6 60.7 62.4 62 60.7 60.9 60.7 62.3 62.1

图4

1991-2003和2004-2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)单产、百粒重、株高和生育期的空间分布"

图5

1991-2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)蛋白质、油脂和蛋脂含量的时间演变"

图6

1991-2003和2004-2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)蛋白质、油脂和蛋脂含量的空间分布"

图7

1991-2003和2004-2019年单产的结构方程模型 实线: 变量之间存在显著相关性; 虚线: 变量之间无显著相关性; 红线: 负相关; 黑线: 正相关。Y: 单产; P: 蛋白质含量; O: 油脂含量; G: 生育期; H: 株高; W: 百粒重。"

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