氮肥用量对玉米-油菜和水稻-油菜轮作模式下油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34181

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (8): 2067-2077.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34181

氮肥用量对玉米-油菜和水稻-油菜轮作模式下油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

刘陈(), 王昆昆, 廖世鹏, 杨佳群, 丛日环, 任涛, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍()

华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070

收稿日期:2023-11-03 接受日期:2024-04-01 出版日期:2024-08-12 网络出版日期:2024-04-24
通讯作者: * 鲁剑巍, E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: liu_chen@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600500);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系项目(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005)

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application levels on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of oilseed rape under maize-oilseed rape and rice-oilseed rape rotation fields

LIU Chen(), WANG Kun-Kun, LIAO Shi-Peng, YANG Jia-Qun, CONG Ri-Huan, REN Tao, LI Xiao-Kun, LU Jian-Wei()

College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China

Received:2023-11-03 Accepted:2024-04-01 Published:2024-08-12 Published online:2024-04-24
Contact: * E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program Project(2021YFD1600500);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);China Agriculture Research System of Hubei Province(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旱-旱和水-旱轮作是我国长江流域冬油菜的典型种植模式, 氮养分缺乏是油菜产量主要限制因子。利用2016—2023年在湖北省武汉市布置的裂区同田对比定位试验, 探究氮肥用量对不同轮作模式下油菜产量和氮素吸收利用的影响差异, 为科学施氮提供依据。试验设计的主处理为旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)和水田油菜(水稻-油菜) 2种轮作模式, 副处理为4个氮肥用量(0 kg N hm^-2、75 kg N hm^-2、150 kg N hm^-2、225 kg N hm^-2), 分析了油菜产量、产量构成因子和氮素积累量等相关指标。7年试验结果表明, 旱地和水田油菜的产量和氮素吸收在不同氮肥投入下的响应存在差异。当不施氮或低施氮(75 kg N hm^-2)时, 水田油菜产量显著高于旱地油菜, 分别高出53.9%和20.8%, 地上部氮素积累量分别高出57.8%和18.3%; 当施氮量为150 kg N hm^-2时, 2种轮作无显著差异; 在高施氮(225 kg N hm^-2)时, 旱地油菜产量和氮素积累量较水田分别增加11.2%和16.0%。旱地油菜的氮肥农学利用效率、贡献率和表观利用率较水田油菜分别平均增加16.5%、20.5%和22.0%, 氮肥对旱地油菜的增产潜力更大, 但水田油菜季土壤基础氮素供应量较旱地高61.5%, 对氮肥的依赖性更小。综上, 增加氮肥用量显著提高了油菜产量和氮素积累, 水田油菜在低氮投入下表现出较高的稳产性, 而旱地油菜在较高氮投入下丰产潜力更高。因此, 在实际生产中应根据不同轮作模式调整油菜施氮量, 旱地油菜可以适当增加氮肥用量以获得高产, 水田油菜要充分利用土壤供氮能力适当控制氮肥用量, 以达到油菜高产高效生产和氮肥高效利用的目的。

关键词: 玉米-油菜轮作, 水稻-油菜轮作, 氮肥用量, 油菜产量, 氮素积累量

Abstract:

Continuous upland and paddy-upland anniversary multiple cropping rotations are typical planting patterns of winter rape in the Yangtze River basin in China, and nitrogen nutrient deficiency is the main limiting factor for rapeseed yield. To provide a basis for scientific nitrogen application, a comparative positioning experiment of split area was conducted in Wuhan City, Hubei Province from 2016 to 2023, and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization under different rotation patterns was explored. The main treatments of the experimental design were two rotation modes of upland-oilseed rape (maize-oilseed rape rotation) and paddy-oilseed rape (rice-oilseed rape rotation), and the secondary treatments were four nitrogen application rates (0 kg N hm^-2, 75 kg N hm^-2, 150 kg N hm^-2, and 225 kg N hm^-2). The related indexes such as rapeseed yield, yield components, and nitrogen absorption were analyzed. The average results of seven-year experiment showed that there were differences in response to the yield and nitrogen uptake of rapeseed in upland and paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilizer inputs. When there was no nitrogen application or low nitrogen application (75 kg N hm^-2), the yield of rapeseed in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in upland fields, which was higher by 53.9% and 20.8%, and the nitrogen accumulation was higher by 57.8% and 18.3%, respectively. When the nitrogen application rate was 150 kg N hm^-2, there was no significant difference between the two rotations. When the nitrogen application rate reached 225 kg N hm^-2, the yield and nitrogen accumulation of rapeseed in dry land were higher by 11.2% and 16.0% than those in paddy fields, respectively. The agronomic utilization efficiency, contribution rate, and apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in upland rapeseed were higher on average by 16.5%, 20.5%, and 22.0% than those in paddy field rapeseed, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer had a greater yield increase effect on upland-rapeseed, but the soil background nitrogen supply in paddy field rapeseed season was 61.5% higher than that in upland, and its dependence on nitrogen fertilizer was less. In conclusion, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased rapeseed yield and nitrogen accumulation. There were differences in the response of rapeseed yield to nitrogen fertilizer between maize-oilseed rape rotation and rice-oilseed rape rotation. Paddy-oilseed rape exhibited higher stability under low nitrogen input, while upland-oilseed rape achieved higher yield under high nitrogen input. Therefore, the nitrogen application rate of rapeseed should be adjusted according to different crop rotation modes in actual production. The nitrogen application rate of upland rapeseed can be appropriately increased to achieve high yield, while the nitrogen application rate of rapeseed in paddy field should be properly controlled by making full use of the nitrogen supply capacity to achieve the high yield and efficient production of rapeseed and efficient utilization of nitrogen fertilizer.

Key words: maize-oilseed rape rotation, rice-oilseed rape rotation, nitrogen fertilizer rate, rapeseed yield, nitrogen accumulation

刘陈, 王昆昆, 廖世鹏, 杨佳群, 丛日环, 任涛, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍. 氮肥用量对玉米-油菜和水稻-油菜轮作模式下油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(8): 2067-2077.

LIU Chen, WANG Kun-Kun, LIAO Shi-Peng, YANG Jia-Qun, CONG Ri-Huan, REN Tao, LI Xiao-Kun, LU Jian-Wei. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application levels on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of oilseed rape under maize-oilseed rape and rice-oilseed rape rotation fields[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(8): 2067-2077.

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轮作模式 Rotation	氮肥用量 N fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	产量 Yield
轮作模式 Rotation	氮肥用量 N fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	2016/2017	2017/2018	2018/2019	2019/2020	2020/2021	2021/2022	2022/2023	平均 Average
旱地-油菜 Upland-oilseed rape	0	373±64 Bd	387±49 Bd	548±54 Bd	493±50 Bd	611±92 Ad	615±93 Bd	597±75 Bd	518±103 Bd
	75	1302±221 Bc	1161±98 Bc	1497±239 Bc	1435±67 Ac	1553±74 Ac	1581±75 Bc	1516±93 Bc	1435±152 Bc
	150	2555±150 Ab	2393±99 Ab	2399±279 Ab	2183±283 Ab	2258±170 Ab	2061±111 Ab	2031±111 Ab	2269±192 Ab
	225	3062±100 Aa	2675±109 Aa	2967±217 Aa	2641±325 Aa	2742±121 Aa	2471±109 Aa	2802±79 Aa	2766±200 Aa
水田-油菜 Paddy-oilseed rape	0	712±116 Aa	769±93 Ac	716±56 Ad	953±70 Ac	695±70 Ad	878±41 Ac	856±97 Ac	797±100 Ad
	75	1879±278 Ab	1759±151 Ab	1624±147 Ac	1574±183 Ab	1601±78 Ac	1789±27 Ab	1913±39 Aab	1734±137 Ac
	150	2388±143 Ac	2401±101 Aa	2000±157 Bb	2047±157 Aa	2177±340 Ab	1949±305 Ab	2154±68 Ab	2159±179 Ab
	225	2621±138 Bd	2609±99 Aa	2319±245 Ba	2139±210 Ba	2762±68 Aa	2462±61 Aa	2500±107 Ba	2487±208 Ba
方差分析ANOVA		F值F-value
轮作模式 Rotation (R)		4.222^*
氮肥用量 Nitrogen rate (N)		1361.697^***
年份 Year (Y)		3.456^**
R×N		38.311^***
R×Y		4.443^**
N×Y		4.728^***
R×N×Y		2.111^**

轮作模式 Rotation	氮肥用量 N fertilizer rate (kg N hm^-2)	单株角果数 Pod number	每角粒数 Seed number	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
旱地-油菜 Upland-oilseed rape	0	94.7±11.6 Bd	21.1±0.5 Ac	3.02±0.08 Ac
	75	207.8±7.7 Bc	23.4±0.2 Ab	3.17±0.04 Abc
	150	276.7±7.0 Ab	25.6±0.5 Aa	3.19±0.08 Aab
	225	356.6±16.5 Aa	23.9±0.2 Ab	3.35±0.08 Aa
水田-油菜 Paddy-oilseed rape	0	133.3±14.0 Ac	21.8±0.5 Ac	3.08±0.07 Ab
	75	267.3±26.9 Ab	24.2±1.0 Ab	3.10±0.08 Ab
	150	306.0±7.3 Aa	25.6±0.5 Aa	3.13±0.24 Ab
	225	315.0±19.2 Aa	24.1±1.0 Ab	3.44±0.04 Aa
F值F-value
轮作模式 Rotation (R)		10.869^**	1.213^ns	0.891^ns
氮肥用量 Nitrogen rate (N)		213.001^***	38.439^***	12.613^***
R×N		11.125^**	0.342^ns	0.989^ns

氮肥用量 N fertilizer rate (kg N hm^-2)	旱地-油菜 Upland-Oilseed rape			水田-油菜 Paddy-Oilseed rape
氮肥用量 N fertilizer rate (kg N hm^-2)	农学利用效率Fertilizer contribution rate (kg kg^-1)	贡献率 Fertilizer contribution rate (%)	表观利用率Recovery efficiency (%)	农学利用效率Fertilizer contribution rate (kg kg^-1)	贡献率 Fertilizer contribution rate (%)	表观利用率Recovery efficiency (%)
0	—	—	—	—	—	—
75	12.2	64.2	44.0	12.5	53.8	41.6
150	11.7	76.8	45.0	9.0	62.7	35.8
225	10.0	81.1	40.9	7.5	67.6	29.0
平均Average	11.3	74.0	43.3	9.7	61.4	35.5

氮肥用量对玉米-油菜和水稻-油菜轮作模式下油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application levels on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of oilseed rape under maize-oilseed rape and rice-oilseed rape rotation fields

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