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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (7): 2002-2011.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24179

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响

宋毅(), 李静, 谷贺贺, 陆志峰, 廖世鹏, 李小坤, 丛日环, 任涛*(), 鲁剑巍   

  1. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-03 接受日期:2022-11-28 出版日期:2023-07-12 网络出版日期:2022-12-06
  • 通讯作者: *任涛, E-mail: rentao@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: songyi2020@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31872173);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662020ZHPY005)

Effects of application of nitrogen on seed yield and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

SONG Yi(), LI Jing, GU He-He, LU Zhi-Feng, LIAO Shi-Peng, LI Xiao-Kun, CONG Ri-Huan, REN Tao*(), LU Jian-Wei   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2022-08-03 Accepted:2022-11-28 Published:2023-07-12 Published online:2022-12-06
  • Contact: *E-mail: rentao@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872173);The China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);The Hubei Province Agriculture Research System(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005);The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020ZHPY005)

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摘要：

为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响, 于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验, 试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm-2 5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明, 施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量, 与不施氮相比, 氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm-2, 平均增产率达32.9%, 在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm-2范围内, 油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加, 继续增施氮肥, 油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势, 施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量, 当施氮量达270 kg N hm-2时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量, 氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm-2, 籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加, 籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸 (棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势, 亚油酸呈降低趋势, 油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述, 以追求高品质食用油为目标, 同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量, 氮肥适宜用量约为180 kg N hm-2; 以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时, 氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm-2。

关键词: 氮肥用量, 冬油菜, 品质, 含油率, 蛋白质产量

Abstract:

To explore the effects of N fertilizer rates on seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed, field experiments were carried out in Wuxue County, Hubei Province during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The experiments were set at five nitrogen application levels of 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N hm-2. Rapeseed yield, N concentration, and rapeseed quality indexes were measured at maturity stage. The results showed that N application significantly increased rapeseed yield and N content. Compared with the zero N application, the average yield increase after N application was 1548 kg N hm-2, and the average yield increase rate was up to 32.9%. Within the range of N application rate of 0-270 kg N hm-2, rapeseed yield increased significantly with the application of N fertilizer. If N application was continued, rapeseed yield did not change significantly or had a downward trend. N application mainly improved rapeseed yield by increasing the number of pods per plant. N application significantly increased protein content in rapeseed. When the N application rate was 270 kg N hm-2, the protein content was the highest. N application significantly reduced the seed oil content. For every 100 kg N hm-2 increase in nitrogen application, the seed oil content decreased by 1.6%. With the increase of N fertilizer application rate, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid, and saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) increased, while linoleic acid decreased in rapeseed. Rapeseed quality decreased as a whole. In conclusion, to pursue high-quality edible oil and take into account rapeseed yield, the application rate of N fertilizer was 180 kg N hm-2. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer was 270 kg N hm-2 when rapeseed yield and rapeseed cake were taken into account.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer rate, winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), quality, oil content, protein yield

表1

氮肥用量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜产量的影响"

氮肥用量
N fertilizer rate
(kg N hm-2)		 年份Year 平均
Average (kg hm-2)
2019/2020 2020/2021
0 560±75 d 855±165 d 707
90 2051±240 c 1523±60 c 1787
180 2617±299 b 1889±161 b 2253
270 3077±269 a 2371±62 a 2724
360 3140±182 a 2111±208 b 2626
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 167.0**
年份 Year (Y) 90.0**
N×Y 15.4**

表2

氮肥用量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜产量构成因子的影响"

氮肥用量
N fertilizer rate
(kg N hm-2)		 单株角果数
Number of pods per plant
(No. plant-1)		 角粒数
Seed number
(No. pod-1)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight
(g)
2019/2020 2020/2021 2020/2021 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021
0 126±36 d 125±31 b 21.4±0.7 c 20.0±0.4 c 4.24±0.27 b 4.86±0.52 b
90 244±9 c 201±28 a 21.2±0.3 c 20.0±0.4 c 4.32±0.02 b 4.95±0.47 b
180 341±7 b 274±23 a 21.8±0.4 bc 21.3±0.6 b 4.65±0.18 a 5.29±0.21 a
270 409±12 a 263±64 a 22.5±0.1 b 22.7±0.2 a 4.98±0.05 a 5.94±0.22 a
360 447±35 a 249±3 a 23.3±0.4 a 21.2±0.3 b 4.80±0.17 a 5.87±0.43 a
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 54.9** 24.5** 11.7**
年份Year (Y) 65.2** 39.1** 54.8**
N×Y 10.0** 6.2* 0.8 ns

图1

氮肥用量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜籽粒氮含量的影响 N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示氮肥施用量为0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm-2。图中小写字母表示相同年份不同氮肥处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01, ns表示无显著差异。N: 氮肥用量; Y: 不同年份; N×Y: 氮肥用量和年份的交互效应。"

表3

氮肥用量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜籽粒油脂含量、蛋白质含量、硫甙、含水量、产油量和蛋白质产量的影响"

年份
Year		 氮肥用量
N fertilizer
rate
(kg N hm-2)		 油脂含量
Oil
concentration
(%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein
concentration
(%)		 硫甙
Glucosinolate
(μmol g-1)		 含水量
Water
concentration
(%)		 产油量
Oil
yield
(kg hm-2)		 蛋白质产量
Protein
yield
(kg hm-2)
2019/2020 0 50.3±2.1 a 19.8±2.6 b 20.3±5.0 b 4.52±0.19 a 281±28 c 112±29 c
90 48.9±3.0 a 20.4±1.1 b 26.8±5.4 ab 4.63±0.03 a 998±60 b 419±66 b
180 48.6±0.4 ab 21.0±1.3 b 33.4±2.5 ab 4.28±0.02 a 1272±138 a 551±97 b
270 45.0±0.1 bc 24.5±3.2 a 31.4±9.8 a 4.28±0.27 a 1384±121 a 760±165 a
360 44.7±2.5 c 25.1±1.0 a 36.7±4.0 a 4.58±0.17 a 1408±160 a 788±77 a
2020/2021 0 52.5±1.7 a 21.4±2.4 b 23.7±4.1 a 3.72±0.25 a 447±73 d 185±54 b
90 50.4±2.0 ab 23.4±1.4 b 23.6±4.6 a 3.83±0.07 a 767±48 c 357±31 b
180 48.2±2.5 b 24.3±2.7 ab 25.2±2.0 a 3.93±0.24 a 909±79 b 461±82 b
270 44.7±0.4 c 27.6±0.3 a 29.5±8.8 a 4.1±0.06 a 1060±22 a 654±23 a
360 44.9±0.5 c 27.7±0.6 a 33.7±3.8 a 3.98±0.11 a 947±85 ab 584±62 a
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 15.4** 39.5* 4.6* 1.1ns 117.4** 58.4**
年份 Year (Y) 0.8ns 55.5** 1.5ns 77.3** 70.0** 8.3*
N×Y 0.6ns 0.7ns 0.8ns 3.9* 14.0** 2.7ns

表4

氮肥用量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜籽粒脂肪酸含量的影响"

氮肥用量
N fertilizer rate
(kg N hm-2)		 硬脂酸
Stearic acid (%)		 棕榈酸
Palmitic acid (%)		 油酸
Oleic acid (%)		 亚油酸
Linoleic acid (%)		 亚麻酸
linolenic acid (%)		 芥酸
Erucic acid (%)
2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021
0 2.25 a 1.93 b 3.76 a 4.08 a 57.8bc 72.9 a 16.67 a 18.49 a 8.08 a 6.91 a 1.13 a 1.00 a
90 2.17 a 2.10 ab 3.87 a 4.19 a 55.6 c 83.4 a 15.93 a 18.43 a 8.27 a 7.30 a 1.62 a 2.49 a
180 2.21 a 2.21 ab 3.97 a 4.39 a 67.2 ab 88.5 a 15.23 a 18.70 a 8.24 a 7.64 a 2.21 a 2.48 a
270 2.29 a 2.26 ab 3.96 a 4.33 a 68.8 ab 90.4 a 14.73 a 17.81 a 8.65 a 7.75 a 2.26 a 2.86 a
360 2.33 a 2.65 a 4.12 a 4.40 a 73.7 a 92.6 a 14.94 a 17.55 a 8.69 a 7.95 a 3.46 a 2.93 a
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 2.6ns 1.3ns 6.2** 1.0ns 0.6ns 3.7*
年份 Year (Y) 0.1ns 10.7** 62.5** 26.3* 5.1* 0.4ns
N×Y 1.4ns 0.1ns 0.6ns 0.3ns 0.1ns 0.5ns

图2

油菜籽产量与品质性状间的相关关系 相关性分析使用试验所有养分、产量、品质和脂肪酸数据。*、**和***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平差异显著。"

图3

氮肥用量与籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、硫甙含量、油含量、和饱和脂肪酸比例的关系 使用2年数据进行拟合, 其氮肥用量与产量使用二次函数进行拟合, 蛋白质产量、含油量、硫甙和饱和脂肪酸比例使用线性拟合, 分别取拟合最高产量的75%和95%为生产目标以确定氮肥施肥量。"

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