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离子锌和纳米锌对马铃薯生理特性、产量及品质的影响

李秋云1,2，李世贵1,2，范军亮1,2，刘昊天2,3，赵晓斌1,2，吕硕1,2，王艳浩1,2，岳云4，张宁1,2,*，司怀军1,2   

  1. 1 甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院, 甘肃兰州 730070; 2 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学, 甘肃兰州 730070; 3 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070; 4 甘肃省农业工程技术研究院, 甘肃兰州 730010
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-28 修回日期:2025-03-26 接受日期:2025-03-26 网络出版日期:2025-04-03
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(渭源县寒区马铃薯种薯繁育提质增效关键技术集成与示范)(2022YFD1602103)资助。

Effects of ionic zinc and nano-zinc on physiological characteristics, yield, and quality of potato

LI Qiu-Yun,LI Shi-Gui,FAN Jun-Liang,LIU Hao-Tian,ZHAO Xiao-Bin,LYU Shuo,WANGYan-Hao,YUE Yun,ZHANG Ning,SI Huai-Jun   

  1. 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; 3 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; 4 Gansu Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Institute, Lanzhou 730010, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-12-28 Revised:2025-03-26 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published online:2025-04-03
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Integration and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Quality and Efficiency Improvement of Seed Potato Propagation in Cold Regions of Weiyuan County) (2022YFD1602103).

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摘要：

为探究不同种类锌肥及施用方式对马铃薯生长发育、产量和品质的影响，以马铃薯“陇薯14号”为供试品种，于2023和2024年进行大田试验，设置CK (不施锌肥)、T1 (ZnSO4·7H2O基施，30 kg hm?2)、T2(0.3% ZnSO4·7H2O+0.05%尿素混合溶液喷施)、T3 (10 mg L?1纳米锌拌种)、T4 (20 mg L?1纳米锌拌种)和T5 (喷施10 mg L?1纳米锌) 6个处理。结果表明，与不施锌肥(CK)相比，在块茎形成期和膨大期，离子锌和纳米锌显著提高叶片叶绿素相对含量值(SPAD)；在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期，离子锌和纳米锌处理的净光合速率(Pn)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增高，各处理的马铃薯丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均降低；在块茎膨大期，离子锌和纳米锌处理的块茎干物质积累量与CK相比均显著增加。与CK相比，施锌处理的马铃薯产量和大中薯率均有提高，喷施10 mg L?1纳米锌处理的马铃薯的增产幅度最高，在2024年达到52,947.25 kg hm?2。此外，喷施10 mg L?1纳米锌处理的淀粉含量、维生素C含量、块茎锌含量和块茎锌积累量较CK显著提高。综上所述，喷施10 mg L?1纳米锌和0.3%ZnSO4·7H2O+0.05%尿素混合溶液处理可以促进马铃薯生长，提升光合特性、抗氧化酶活性和品质，研究结果可为马铃薯锌肥的合理施用策略提供科学依据。

关键词: 锌肥, 马铃薯, 施肥方式, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of different zinc fertilizer types and application methods on potato growth, yield, and quality, field experiments were conducted in 2023 and 2024 using the potato variety ‘Longshu 14’. Six treatments were applied: CK (no zinc fertilizer), T1 (basal application of ZnSO4·7H2O, 30 kg hm?2), T2 (foliar spraying of 0.3% ZnSO4·7H2O + 0.05% urea), T3 (seed dressing with 10 mg L?1 nano-zinc), T4 (seed dressing with 20 mg L?1 nano-zinc), and T5 (foliar spraying of 10 mg L?1 nano-zinc). The results showed that both ionic zinc and nano-zinc fertilizers significantly increased leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD values) compared to CK during the tuber formation and bulking stages. During the tuber bulking and starch accumulation stages, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly enhanced under ionic zinc and nano-zinc treatments. Additionally, all zinc treatments led to a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) levels. During the tuber bulking stage, tuber dry matter accumulation was significantly higher in the zinc-treated groups than in CK. All zinc treatments increased potato yield and the proportion of large and medium-sized tubers compared to CK. The highest yield increase was observed under T5 (foliar spraying of 10 mg L?1 nano-zinc), reaching 52,947.25 kg hm?2 in 2024. Furthermore, this treatment significantly enhanced tuber starch content, vitamin C content, zinc concentration, and total tuber zinc accumulation compared to CK (P < 0.05). In conclusion, foliar spraying of 10 mg L?1 nano-zinc and spraying a mixture of 0.3% ZnSO4·7H2O + 0.05% urea effectively promoted potato growth, improved photosynthetic performance, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. These findings provide a scientific basis for the optimal selection and application of zinc fertilizers in potato production.

Key words: zinc fertilizer, potato, fertilization method, yield, quality

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