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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 847-862.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066

• 综述 •    下一篇

化学调控及其他栽培措施在小麦抗倒伏高产栽培中的应用

李慧敏(), 邢志鹏, 张海鹏, 魏海燕, 张洪程(), 李光彦()   

  1. 扬州大学农学院 / 水稻产业工程技术研究院 / 江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10 接受日期:2025-01-07 出版日期:2025-04-12 网络出版日期:2025-01-10
  • 通讯作者: 张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn; 李光彦, E-mail: gyli@yzu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: huiminli_1996@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省重点研发计划项目“江苏稻麦绿色智慧化生产关键技术研究与示范”(BE2022338);江苏省重点研发计划项目“江苏稻麦绿色智慧化生产关键技术研究与示范”(CX (24) 1026)

Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat

LI Hui-Min(), XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng(), LI Guang-Yan()   

  1. Agricultural College of Yangzhou University / Research Institute of Rice Industry Engineering Technology / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2024-10-10 Accepted:2025-01-07 Published:2025-04-12 Published online:2025-01-10
  • Contact: E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn; E-mail: gyli@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Jiangsu Key Research Program “Research and Demonstration on Key Technologies of Green Intelligent Production of Rice and Wheat in Jiangsu Province”(BE2022338);Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund “Key Technology and Integrated Demonstration of High Yield Green Unmanned Cultivation of Wheat”(CX (24) 1026)

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摘要：

倒伏一直是限制小麦高产稳产的关键因素, 化学调控是一种有效降低倒伏风险的策略。喷施化控防倒剂(Chemical anti-lodging regulators, CARs)能够控制小麦生长, 提高茎秆强度, 预防倒伏。然而针对小麦高产栽培中化控抗倒伏的研究及应用还未有较全面的综述。因此本文收集整理了我国现有登记的小麦抗倒伏CARs, 总结了不同CARs的特点、功效及其对小麦茎秆结构与组成、根系、冠层结构、作物生产力及品质的影响, 并以高产抗倒为目标, 总结了不同CARs在实现小麦高产抗倒协同提升的适宜施用时期。此外, 本文全方面汇总了与CARs配套的小麦抗倒伏栽培管理措施(耕作方式、适宜密度、营养水平与水分管理), 小麦抗倒伏评价方法及CARs对关键指标的影响, 并展望了CARs在小麦抗倒伏高产栽培中的研究方向, 旨在为促进小麦的高产、稳产提供精准调控措施及理论支撑。

关键词: 小麦, 产量, 抗倒伏, 化控防倒剂, 生长发育, 栽培管理措施

Abstract:

Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield.

Key words: wheat, yield, lodging resistance, chemical anti-lodging regulators, growth and development, cultivation management measures

表1

常用的小麦CARs登记信息"

名称
Name		 剂型
Dosage form		 总有效成分含量
Total active ingredient content		 防治目标
Control objective		 用药量
Dosage		 施用方法
Application method
矮壮素
CCC		 水剂
AS		 50% 调节生长
Regulated growth		 300-500倍液
300-500 times liquid		 喷雾Spraying
防止倒伏, 提高产量
Prevent lodging and increase yield		 3%-5%药液, 100-400倍液
3%-5% liquid, 100-400 times liquid		 拌种, 返青、拔节期喷雾
Seed soaking, greening and jointing stages spray
调节生长, 增产
Regulate growth and increase yield		 200-400倍液
200-400 times liquid		 喷雾
Spraying
可溶粉剂
SP		 80% 调节生长
Regulated growth		 400-533倍液
400-533 times liquid		 茎叶喷雾
Foliar spray
多唑·甲哌鎓
PBZ·Pix		 可湿性粉剂 WP 10% (甲哌鎓7.5%+多效唑2.5%)
10% (Pix 7.5%+ PBZ 2.5%)		 调节生长
Regulated growth		 333-500倍液, 300-500倍液
333-500 times liquid, 300-500 times liquid		 喷雾
Spraying
微乳剂
ME		 20% (甲哌鎓16.7%+多效唑3.3%)
20% (Pix 16.7%+ PBZ 3.3%)		 450-600 mL hm-2
悬浮剂
SC		 30% (甲哌鎓5%+多效唑25%)
30% (Pix 5%+ PBZ 25%)		 225-375 mL hm-2, 2000-3000倍液
2000-3000 times liquid
烯效·甲哌鎓
S3307·Pix		 微乳剂
ME		 20.8% (甲哌鎓20%+烯效唑0.8%)
20.8% (Pix 20%+ S3307 0.8%)		 调节生长
Regulated growth		 450-600 mL hm-2 喷雾
Spraying
氯化胆碱
Cc		 水剂
AS		 60% 调节生长
Regulated growth		 150-300 mL hm-2 茎叶喷雾
Foliar spray
多效唑
PBZ		 可湿性粉剂
WP		 15% 调节生长
Regulated growth		 510-600 g hm-2 喷雾
Spraying
悬浮剂
SC		 25% 1667-2500倍液, 1700-2000倍液
1667-2500 times liquid, 1700-2000 times liquid
悬浮剂
SC		 30% 2000-3000倍液
2000-3000 times liquid
28-表芸·烯效唑
28-E·S3307		 水剂
AS		 0.751% (28-表高芸苔素内酯0.001%+烯效唑0.75%)
0.751% (28-E 0.001%+ S3307 0.75%)		 增产
Increase yield		 250-500倍液
250-500 times liquid		 浸种
Seed soaking
苄氨基嘌呤·烯效唑
6-B·S3307		 悬浮剂
SC		 10% (苄氨基嘌呤5%+烯效唑5%)
10% (6-B 5%+ S3307 5%)		 调节生长
Regulated growth		 2500-4500倍液
2500-4500 times liquid		 喷雾
Spraying
抗倒酯·烯效唑
TE·S3307		 微乳剂 ME 10% (抗倒酯9.2%+烯效唑0.8%)
10% (TE 9.2%+ S3307 0.8%)		 调节生长
Regulated growth		 300-450 mL hm-2 喷雾
Spraying
调环酸钙
PC		 悬浮剂
SC		 10% 调节生长
Regulated growth		 300-600 mL hm-2, 375-562.5 mL hm-2 喷雾
Spraying
水分散粒剂 WG 5% 750-1125 g hm-2
抗倒酯
TE		 微乳剂
ME		 25% 防止倒伏
Prevent lodging		 300-450 mL hm-2, 225-375 mL hm-2, 420-495 mL hm-2 喷雾
Spraying
可湿性粉剂 WP 25% 300-450 g hm-2
乳油
EC		 250 g L-1 300-495 mL hm-2, 300-499.5 mL hm-2

图1

不同CARs对GA生物合成不同阶段的作用机制 缩写同表1。GGPP: 焦磷酸合酶; CPP: 共聚焦磷酸合酶; GA12, GA53, GA19, GA20, GA1, GA8: 均为赤霉素, 其中GA1活性最高。"

图2

化控防倒剂对小麦生长发育的影响 喷施CARs能够增加小麦分蘖数、籽粒重量, 并且改变面粉中蛋白质含量及组成; 促进茎秆变短、增粗, 提高木质素含量, 使叶片变短、加宽、增厚, 提高SPAD值; 有利于根系发育。"

表2

不同剂量的CARs在不同生育期施用与对小麦的影响"

化控防倒剂
Chemical anti-lodging regulators		 施用时期
Application period		 用量
Dosage		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 对产量、株高和倒伏的影响
Effect on yield, plant height, and lodging		 参考文献
References
CCC 拔节期
Jointing stage		 300.0 mg L-1 8427.71 产量提高2.8%-8.2%
Yield increases by 2.8% to 8.2%		 [55]
拔节期
Jointing stage		 2.20 kg hm-2 8980.80 株高降低2.72 cm
Plant height decreased by 2.72 cm		 [56]
5% PC泡腾粒剂+25% Pix AS
5% PC EG+25% Pix AS		 拔节期, 17 d后第二次
Jointing stage, the second time 17 days later		 150.0+150.0 g hm-2, 180.0+180.0 g hm-2 9042.40 矮化率达5.37%, 株高降低3.85 cm
Dwarfing rate was 5.37% and plant height was reduced by 3.85 cm		 [63]
Cc 抽穗始期
The beginning of heading stage		 1000.0 mg L-1 7056.10 分蘖穗粒数增加
Number of grains per tiller increased		 [62]
25% PBZ SC 拔节初期
Initial jointing stage		 375.0 mL hm-2 5709.00 倒伏率降低30.00%
Lodging rate decreased by 30.00%		 [64]
PBZ 拔节初期
Initial jointing stage		 150.0 mg L-1 6900.00 倒伏率降低10.03%
Lodging rate decreased by 10.03%		 [28]
15% PBZ WP 倒五叶期
Inverted five-leaf stage		 300.0 mg L-1 6381.76 抗倒伏指数最高10.50 g cm-1
Highest resistance lodging index 10.50 g cm-1		 [1]
S3307 拌种
Seed soaking		 30.0 mg L-1 6750.00 产量最高
Highest yield		 [59]
5% S3307 WP 起身期
Erecting stage		 750.0 g hm-2 10,668.00 株高降低5.4 cm
Plant height decreased by 5.4 cm		 [65]
TE 第1节间伸长期与第2节间伸长期
First internode extension stage and second internode extension stage		 57.7 g hm-2 5288.00 第2节间伸长期喷施更能够降低株高与倒伏风险
Spraying in the second internode extension stage can reduce more plant height and lodging risk		 [53]

表3

其他提高小麦抗倒伏能力的栽培管理措施"

栽培管理措施
Cultivation and management measures		 具体做法
Specific approach		 参考文献
References
保护性耕作
Conservation tillage		 整秆还田、还田免耕及深松还田等方式。
The methods of whole straw returning to field, no-tillage returning to field and deep pine returning to field, etc.		 [70,72]
适宜密度
Suitable density		 适当增加种植密度。
Increase planting density appropriately.		 [1,73]
营养水平
Nutrition level		 180-300 kg hm-2范围内, 适当降低施氮量, 加大追肥的比例; 适量施用锰肥及钾肥。
In the range of 180-300 kg hm-2, the nitrogen application amount should be reduced appropriately and the proportion of topdressing should be increased; appropriate application of manganese fertilizer and potassium fertilizer.		 [74⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-80]
水分管理
Water management		 黄淮麦区, 小麦拔节、开花期补灌2次, 避免多次补灌; 南方麦区及时排水, 避免渍害。
In Huang-huai wheat region, the supplementary irrigation of wheat at jointing and flowering stage should be performed twice to avoid multiple supplementary irrigation. South wheat area drainage in time to avoid waterlogging.		 [83,85 -86]

表4

倒伏指数计算公式"

序号
No.		 倒伏指数公式
Lodging index formula		 参考文献
References
1 地上部鲜重 × 重心高度/基部第2节间机械强度
Aboveground fresh weight × height of center of gravity/mechanical strength of second internode of base		 [78,92,94]
2 茎秆基部弹性(离地20 cm的茎秆强度活体测量)
Stem base elasticity (in vivo measurement of stem strength at 20 cm above ground)		 [93]
3 节间基部至穗顶长度 × 该节间基部至穗顶鲜重/抗折力× 100
Length from internode base to apex × fresh weight from internode base to apex/bending resistance × 100		 [95]
4 重心高度/茎秆机械强度
Height of center of gravity/stem mechanical strength		 [55,82]
5 平均倒伏级别 × 平均倒伏面积
Average lodging class × average lodging area		 [96]

图3

小麦株高(a)、重心高度(b)、茎秆直径和厚度(c)、节间强度(d)的测定示意图 c, d是测量的小麦第二茎节相关指标。"

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