氮肥与钾肥运筹对弱筋小麦籽粒产量、品质的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究氮肥和钾肥运筹对弱筋小麦产量、品质的影响，为弱筋小麦优质高产提供理论依据。于2022—2024年小麦生长季，以白湖麦1号和皖西麦0638为试验材料，设置4个施氮水平N0(0 kg hm^-²)、N10 (150 kg hm^-²)、N12 (180 kg hm^-²)、N14 (210 kg hm^-²)，3个施氮基追比F1(8︰2)、F2(7︰3)、F3(6︰4)；钾肥150 kg hm^-²，分为一次性基施(K1)和基追比5︰5 (K2) 2个处理，研究了对弱筋小麦茎蘖动态、干物质积累与转运、氮素积累、产量及其构成要素、籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明：氮肥与钾肥运筹显著影响弱筋小麦的生长发育，小麦茎蘖动态、干物质积累与转运、植株氮素积累均随施氮量和追氮比例的增加而增加，相同施氮量和追氮比例下，钾肥追施较一次性基施的茎蘖数、干物质积累量更高，且施氮量、追氮比例和钾肥追施处理对弱筋小麦千粒重、穗粒数、穗数及其产量的影响也显著，随施氮量和追氮比例的增加而增加，在相同施氮量和追氮比例下，钾肥追施较一次性基施的小麦千粒重、穗粒数、穗数及产量更高，而弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量也随施氮量和追氮比例的增加而增加。在符合国家优质弱筋小麦标准的施肥模式中，N12K2F2处理较N12K1F2处理的开花期、成熟期干物质积累量分别平均增加7.3%、12.3%；花后干物质生产量、花后对籽粒产量贡献率分别平均增加19.0%、7.7%；氮素积累量平均提高13.5%；且N12K2F2处理较N0K2处理的小麦千粒重、穗粒数、穗数、产量分别平均增加6.7%、86.8%、25.1%、152.7%，较N12K1F2处理的千粒重、穗粒数、穗数、产量分别平均增加1.6%、5.5%、4.6%、12.6%。综上所述，施氮量为180 kg hm^-²、基追比7︰3、钾肥拔节期追施处理是本试验条件下弱筋小麦量质协优的最佳施肥模式。

关键词: 氮肥运筹, 钾肥追施, 弱筋小麦, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer management on the yield and quality of weak-gluten wheat and to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield, high-quality production, a field experiment was conducted during the wheat growing seasons from 2022 to 2024 using Baihumai 1 and Wanximai 0638 as experimental materials. Four nitrogen application levels were applied: N0 (0 kg hm^-²), N10 (150 kg hm^-²), N12 (180 kg hm^-²), and N14 (210 kg hm^-²), along with three basal-to-topdressing nitrogen ratios: F1 (8:2), F2 (7:3), and F3 (6:4). Potassium fertilizer was applied at 150 kg hm^-² with two treatments: a one-time basal application (K1) and a split application with a basal-to-topdressing ratio of 5:5 (K2). The study examined the effects of these treatments on tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation and translocation, nitrogen accumulation, yield components, grain protein content, and wet gluten content of weak-gluten wheat. The results showed that nitrogen and potassium fertilizer management significantly influenced wheat growth and development. Tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation and translocation, and plant nitrogen accumulation increased with higher nitrogen application rates and a greater proportion of topdressed nitrogen. Under the same nitrogen application rate and topdressing proportion, potassium topdressing resulted in higher tiller numbers and greater dry matter accumulation compared to a one-time basal application. Additionally, the nitrogen application rate, topdressing proportion, and potassium topdressing significantly affected yield-related traits, including thousand-grain weight, grains per spike, number of spikes, and overall yield, all of which increased with higher nitrogen rates and a greater proportion of topdressed nitrogen. When potassium fertilizer was topdressed rather than applied as a single basal dose, these yield components were further enhanced. Grain protein content and wet gluten content also increased with higher nitrogen application rates and a greater proportion of topdressed nitrogen. Among fertilization treatments that met national standards for high-quality weak-gluten wheat, the N12K2F2 treatment resulted in an average increase of 7.3% and 12.3% in dry matter accumulation at flowering and maturity stages, respectively, compared to N12K1F2. Additionally, post-flowering dry matter production and its contribution to grain yield increased by 19.0% and 7.7%, respectively, while nitrogen accumulation improved by 13.5%. Compared to N0K2, the N12K2F2 treatment increased thousand-grain weight, grains per spike, number of spikes, and yield by 6.7%, 86.8%, 25.1%, and 152.7%, respectively. Relative to N12K1F2, these parameters increased by 1.6%, 5.5%, 4.6%, and 12.6%, respectively. In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, the optimal fertilization strategy for simultaneously improving weak-gluten wheat yield and quality was a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg hm^-², a basal-to-topdressing ratio of 7:3, and topdressed potassium fertilizer at the jointing stage.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer operation, potassium fertilizer application, weak gluten wheat, yield, quality

赵佳雯, 李子洪, 欧星雨, 王伊朗, 丁小飞, 梁乐瑶, 丁文金, 张海鹏, 马尚宇, 樊永惠, 黄正来, 张文静. 氮肥与钾肥运筹对弱筋小麦籽粒产量、品质的影响[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

ZHAO Jia-Wen, LI Zi-Hong, OU Xing-Yu, WANG Yi-Lang, DING Xiao-Fei, LIANG Yue-Yao, DING Wen-Jin, ZHANG Hai-Peng, MA Shang-Yu, FAN Yong-Hui, HUANG Zheng-Lai, ZHANG Wen-Jing. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer management on grain yield and quality of weak-gluten wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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