作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2501-2513.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54002
付江鹏(
), 柳发财*(
), 闫宝琴, 王永栋, 李利利, 魏玮, 周英霞
FU Jiang-Peng(
), LIU Fa-Cai*(
), YAN Bao-Qin, WANG Yong-Dong, LI Li-Li, WEI Wei, ZHOU Ying-Xia
摘要:
控释肥替代普通尿素是一种实现化肥减量提质增效的轻简化施肥策略。试验于2022—2023年在陇东黄土高原典型旱塬区泾川县高平镇进行, 供试高粱品种为吉杂127, 设不施氮肥(CK)、习惯常规尿素纯氮用量(CU240)、控释氮肥不同的减氮比例(减量施氮0, CRU240; 减量施氮10%, CRU216; 减量施氮20%, CRU192; 减量施氮30%, CRU168; 减量施氮40%, CRU144)共7个处理, 研究控释肥替代普通尿素对高粱干物质积累分配特征、产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明, 随着生育进程的推进, 各处理干物质积累速率(DMAR)呈先升后降的趋势, 在拔节至抽穗期达到峰值。基于Logistic方程拟合的不同处理高粱干物质积累动态模型拟合度较高, 其R2在0.949~0.985之间。增施氮肥降低了茎鞘和叶片中的转运量, 而对高粱成熟期干物质向穗部的转运量有显著的促进作用, 其中CRU240和CRU216处理穗部干物质分配比例较CU240处理平均提高1.78%和0.94%。在开花前, 与CU240处理相比, CRU168和CRU144处理的花前干物质转运量(DMR)、花前干物质转运率(DMRE)、花前干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累贡献率(DMRCG)均显著降低, 而与CRU240、CRU216、CRU192处理间无显著差异。在开花后, CRU240、CRU216、CRU192处理花后干物质积累量(DMA)与CU240处理差异不显著, 其中CRU192处理DMA较CRU168和CRU144处理分别提高8.86%和14.15%。产量以CRU240处理的最高, 较CRU168和CRU144处理分别显著增产19.36%、33.01%。高粱产出以CRU240处理最高, 并且随着控释氮肥减量高粱产出呈降低趋势, CRU216、CRU192、CRU168和CRU144处理的高粱产出较CRU240处理平均降低3.63%、8.83%、16.20%和24.82%。籽粒蛋白质含量以CRU240处理最高, 较CRU168和CRU144处理平均分别显著增加19.92%、20.70%。淀粉含量随控释氮肥减量呈增加趋势。各处理间单宁含量无显著差异。通径分析表明, 穗粒重和千粒重是实现高粱增产稳产的重要因素。综上, 与常规尿素用量相比, 控释尿素减量10%~20%处理有利于干物质的积累、分配和转运, 保证稳产高产, 提高经济效益, 可作为旱作高粱获得高产优质的推荐施氮量。
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