补灌对黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦单产提升和水分高效利用的补灌方案，在2021—2023年冬小麦生长季，选取杨陵、乾县、合阳3个代表性试验点，分别设置全生育期不灌水(W0)、越冬期补灌(W1)、拔节期补灌(W2)、越冬期+拔节期补灌(W3)、拔节期+完花期补灌(W4) 5个补灌处理，每次补灌均以0~20 cm土层土壤相对含水量达100%为目标，探索不同时期和不同次数补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，该区域冬小麦生长季的降水量年际间变化较大，但其生长季的总耗水量年际间相对稳定，其对土壤水的消耗在稳定生长季耗水中发挥重要作用。播种期土壤底墒的高低在一定程度上影响补灌对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率调控的效果。冬小麦生长季高产高效的供水进程以播种至越冬、拔节、完花和成熟期的主要供水量分别为336.3、393.8、440.7、519.1 mm为宜。各试验点补灌处理的耗水构成均以土壤水和降水为主，灌溉水占总耗水量的比例不足20%。拔节期补灌处理在3个试验点对冬小麦的增产作用受环境因子的影响较小，两年度均在杨陵和乾县获得了高产(9888.5~10697.0 kg hm^-²和9015.4~9756.9 kg hm^-²)和高水分利用效率(21.2~23.9 kg hm^-² mm^-¹和20.9~21.1 kg hm^-² mm^-¹)。在年降水量为465.3 mm、冬小麦生长季降水量为114.8~194.7 mm的合阳试验点则以拔节期+完花期补灌处理最优。综上所述，在黄土高原年降水量465.3~635.1 mm的地区，冬小麦生长季补灌拔节水具有普遍适用性，部分地区仅此一水即可获得高产和高水分利用效率；在年降水量(465.3 mm)和冬小麦生长季降水量(114.8~194.7 mm)均较少的地区，于拔节期补灌一水的基础上再于完花期补灌一水可获得高产和高水分利用效率。

关键词: 黄土高原, 冬小麦, 补灌, 籽粒产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

This study aimed to optimize supplementary irrigation strategies to improve winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. During the 2021–2023 winter wheat growing seasons, experiments were conducted at three representative sites: Yangling, Qianxian, and Heyang. Five supplementary irrigation treatments were implemented: no irrigation during the growing season (W0), irrigation at the overwintering stage (W1), irrigation at the jointing stage (W2), irrigation at the overwintering + jointing stages (W3), and irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages (W4). The goal of each irrigation treatment was to restore soil moisture in the 0–20 cm layer to 100% of its relative field capacity. The study explored the effects of irrigation timing and stages on winter wheat water consumption, yield, and WUE. The results showed that precipitation during the winter wheat growing season varied significantly between years, but total water consumption remained relatively stable, with soil water playing a crucial role in regulating seasonal water use. Soil moisture conditions at the sowing stage influenced the effectiveness of supplementary irrigation in improving yield and WUE. Optimal water consumption for achieving high yield and WUE was determined to be 336.3 mm, 393.8 mm, 440.7 mm, and 519.1 mm from sowing to overwintering, jointing, flowering, and maturity, respectively. Across all experimental sites, water consumption primarily consisted of soil water and precipitation, with irrigation contributing less than 20% of total water use. Supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage demonstrated a more consistent and significant yield increase across the three sites over the two years. High yields (9888.5–10697.0 kg ha^-¹ in the first year and 9015.4–9756.9 kg ha^-¹ in the second year) and high WUE (21.2–23.9 kg ha^-¹ mm^-¹ in the first year and 20.9–21.1 kg ha^-¹ mm^-¹ in the second year) were achieved at Yangling and Qianxian. At Heyang, where annual precipitation was 465.3 mm and growing season precipitation ranged from 114.8–194.7 mm, the optimal treatment was irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages. In conclusion, in areas of the Loess Plateau with annual precipitation of 465.3–635.1 mm, supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage is generally sufficient to achieve high yield and WUE, with one irrigation event often being adequate. In regions with lower annual precipitation (465.3 mm) and limited growing season precipitation (114.8–194.7 mm), the combination of irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages is recommended to achieve optimal yield and WUE.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, supplementary irrigation, grain yield, water use efficiency

王东, 王森, 尚丽, 冯浩伟, 张永巧, 崔佳鸣, 李爽, 章佳聪. 补灌对黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(5): 1312-1325.

WANG Dong, WANG Sen, SHANG Li, FENG Hao-Wei, ZHANG Yong-Qiao, CUI Jia-Ming, LI Shuang, ZHANG Jia-Cong, CHE Huan. Effect of supplementary irrigation on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in semi humid areas of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(5): 1312-1325.

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