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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (2): 440-450.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31019

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

谢炜2,3(), 贺鹏2,3, 马宏亮2,3, 雷芳2,3, 黄秀兰2,3, 樊高琼1,2,3,*(), 杨洪坤1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1西南作物基因资源发掘与利用国家重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
    2四川农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
    3作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-13 接受日期:2023-09-13 出版日期:2024-02-12 网络出版日期:2023-10-08
  • 通讯作者: *樊高琼, E-mail: fangao20056@126.com;杨洪坤, E-mail: 1241459894@qq.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1987574427@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32201904);四川省作物育种项目(22ZDZX0018);四川省重点研发计划项目(2021YFYZ0002)

Effects of straw mulching from autumn fallow and phosphorus application on nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat

XIE Wei2,3(), HE Peng2,3, MA Hong-Liang2,3, LEI Fang2,3, HUANG Xiu-Lan2,3, FAN Gao-Qiong1,2,3,*(), YANG Hong-Kun1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Crop Genetic Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Collage of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    3Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-03-13 Accepted:2023-09-13 Published:2024-02-12 Published online:2023-10-08
  • Contact: *E-mail: fangao20056@126.com;E-mail: 1241459894@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201904);Sichuan Crop Breeding Program(22ZDZX0018);Sichuan Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2021YFYZ0002)

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摘要：

西南冬麦区气候冬干春旱频发、土壤速效磷缺乏, 限制冬小麦氮素吸收。本研究探究秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对小麦根系NO3-吸收动力势、氮素吸收利用、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量的影响, 以期为小麦高产稳产及养分的高效利用提供理论依据。试验于2020—2022年在四川仁寿进行, 采用二因素裂区设计, 以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区; 3个磷水平0 (P0)、75 (P75)和120 (P120) kg hm-2为裂区。结果表明: 秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高地上部磷素积累量, SM较NSM的小麦根尖NO3-净吸收速率、籽粒氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮素同化量、氮肥偏生产力和籽粒产量分别增加28.2%、8.4%、9.0%、41.9%、23.3%和21.9%。与P0相比, P75和P120增加幅度分别达到35.1%~37.6%、12.6%~19.0%、7.1%~9.3%、35.7%~60.5%、17.6%~23.8%、17.2%~23.6%。与NSM相比, SM的小麦旗叶灌浆期叶绿素含量上升, 进而提高籽粒产量。综上所述, 秸秆覆盖与施磷可促进小麦根尖NO3-吸收, 提高叶绿素含量, 从而显著增加花后氮素的吸收及营养器官临时贮存氮素向籽粒的再分配, 最终提高籽粒产量。考虑经济效益和产量回报, 西南地区小麦高产高效栽培时, 推荐采用秋闲期秸秆覆盖配施磷肥75 kg hm-2。

关键词: 冬小麦, 秸秆覆盖, 施磷, 根尖NO3-吸收, 氮素吸收、分配与利用, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

Frequent occurrence of drought in winter and spring, combined with soil P deficiency limits nitrogen absorption of winter wheat in southwest wheat. This study aims to investigate the effects of straw mulching from autumn fallow and phosphorus application on root NO3- uptake dynamic potential, nitrogen uptake and utilization, chlorophyll content, and grain yield in wheat, which provides the theoretical basis for high and stable yield of wheat as well as efficient use of nutrients. The experiment was carried out at Renshou in Sichuan province from 2020 to 2022. Two factors spilt-plot design was employed with main plot of maize straw mulching (SM) and no mulching (NSM), and three phosphorus levels 0 (P0), 75 (P75), and 120 (P120) kg hm-2 were set as sub-plot. Results showed that straw mulching and phosphorus application significantly increased above-ground phosphorus accumulation. Compared with NSM, SM increased root tip NO3- net absorption rate, grain nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transport, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen partial productivity and grain yield by 28.2%, 8.4%, 9.0%, 41.9%, 23.3%, and 21.9%, respectively. Compared with P0, P75 and P120 increased by 35.1%-37.6%, 12.6%-19.0%, 7.1%-9.3%, 35.7%-60.5%, 17.6%-23.8%, 17.2%-23.6%, respectively. Compared with NSM, SM increased the content of chlorophyll in flag leaf at grain filling stage, thus improving grain yield. In summary, straw mulching and phosphorus application can promote NO3- absorption in root tip of wheat and chlorophyll content, significantly increase post anthesis nitrogen absorption and reserved N remobilized to developing grains, and ultimately improve grain yield. Considering the economic benefits and yield returns, it is recommended to apply 75 kg hm-2 of phosphate fertilizer with straw mulching for high yield and efficiency cultivation of wheat in southwest China.

Key words: winter wheat, straw mulch, phosphorus application, NO3- absorption in root tip, nitrogen absorption, distribution, and utilization, grain yield

图1

2020-2022小麦生长季试验区日均气温与降雨分布"

表1

供试土壤基础理化性状"

年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2020-2021 7.75 15.36 0.95 0.73 56.29 6.18 139
2021-2022 7.88 16.11 1.08 0.84 56.56 6.67 138

图2

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦的根尖NO3-吸收速率 S1: 秸秆覆盖; S0: 秸秆不覆盖; P0: 不施磷肥; P75: 磷肥75 kg hm-2; P120: 磷肥120 kg hm-2; M和P分别表示玉米秸秆覆盖和小麦季施磷水平; *和**表示处理间在5%和1%概率水平显著差异; ns表示处理间无显著差异。不同小写字母表示处理之间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

表2

2020-2021年度秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦的磷素吸收与转运"

处理
Treatment		 茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath		 叶片
Leaf		 颖壳+穗轴
Spike and glume		 籽粒
Grain		 花前磷素转运量
Pre-anthesis P transfer		 花后磷素同化量
Post-anthesis P assimilation
SM P0 4.7±0.2 b 3.0±0.0 c 3.0±0.1 c 13.6±0.3 b 9.6±0.5 c 4.0±0.4 a
P75 5.4±0.4 a 3.4±0.1 b 7.1±0.5 a 16.1±0.6 a 12.9±0.5 ab 3.2±0.6 b
P120 5.5±0.3 a 4.8±0.1 a 7.2±0.2 a 15.8±0.9 a 13.6±0.7 a 2.2±0.4 d
NSM P0 2.4±0.1 d 1.8±0.0 d 4.6±0.2 b 9.3±0.2 c 6.6±0.3 d 2.7±0.1 c
P75 3.8±0.1 c 1.7±0.1 d 4.5±0.2 b 12.5±0.6 b 9.4±0.7 c 3.2±0.2 b
P120 3.8±0.1 c 3.5±0.1 b 5.0±0.1 b 15.3±0.3 a 12.2±0.4 b 3.2±0.7 b
F值 M ** ** ** ** ** ns
F-value P ** ** ** ** ** ns
M×P ns ** ** ** ** **

图3

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦成熟期各器官氮素积累 缩写同图2。同一器官间不同小写字母表示处理之间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

表3

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦成熟期各器官氮素分配比例"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 分配比例Distribution proportion (%)
茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath		 叶片
Leaf		 颖壳+穗轴
Spike and glume		 籽粒
Grain
2020-2021 SM P0 4.8±0.3 f 5.4±0.1 d 8.9±0.1 c 80.9±0.4 d
P75 8.5±0.1 c 6.5±0.1 b 9.2±0.1 b 75.8±0.1 b
P120 11.2±0.1 a 8.3±0.1 a 11.7±0.0 a 68.8±0.2 c
NSM P0 6.1±0.1 e 4.8±0.3 e 6.6±0.1 e 82.5±0.2 a
P75 7.1±0.0 d 6.1±0.1 c 7.1±0.0 d 79.8±0.1 a
P120 9.7±0.0 b 8.4±0.0 a 7.3±0.0 d 74.7±0.0 b
F值F-value M ** ** ** **
P ** ** ** **
M×P ** ** ** **
2021-2022 SM P0 9.6±0.6 b 6.1±0.1 b 10.9±0.3 ab 73.4±0.6 d
P75 11.6±0.1 a 5.8±0.2 b 11.4±0.4 a 71.2±0.6 e
P120 12.3±0.2 a 7.2±0.4 a 11.4±0.2 a 69.1±0.6 f
NSM P0 6.5±0.1 d 4.8±0.1 c 9.9±0.3 c 78.8±0.2 a
P75 7.8±0.3 c 4.6±0.1 cd 10.8±0.5 ab 76.7±0.4 b
P120 10.1±0.5 b 4.2±0.1 c 10.4±0.3 bc 75.3±0.1 c
F值F-value M ** ** ** **
P ** ** * **
M×P * ** ns ns

表4

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦的氮素转运与同化"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前营养器官贮藏氮素Pre-anthesis reserves 开花后同化氮素Post-anthesis assimilates
转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm-2)		 转运率Translocation efficiency
(%)		 对籽粒贡献率Contribution efficiency to grain (%) 同化量
Assimilation amount
(kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution efficiency
to grain
(%)
2020-2021 SM P0 49.2±1.2 a 77.0±1.0 b 79.5±1.8 b 12.7±1.1 bc 20.5±1.8 bc
P75 51.8±1.4 a 70.5±0.0 c 76.4±0.7 c 16.1±1.0 a 23.6±0.7 a
P120 49.3±0.1 a 62.1±0.0 d 74.2±1.0 c 17.2±0.9 a 25.8±1.0 a
NSM P0 43.8±0.1 b 79.8±0.0 a 84.2±1.4 a 8.2±0.9 d 15.8±1.4 d
P75 45.5±0.9 b 76.2±0.3 b 81.5±2.1 ab 10.3±1.2 c 18.5±2.1 c
P120 45.9±0.6 b 69.2±0.4 c 76.0±1.3 c 14.5±0.8 ab 24.0±1.3 a
F值
F-value		 M ** ** ** ** **
P ** ** ** ** **
M×P * ** ns ns ns
2021-2022 SM P0 41.9±1.0 cd 68.4±0.0 d 77.3±1.9 b 12.3±1.0 d 22.7±1.9 c
P75 46.4±0.7 b 64.5±0.5 e 73.1±1.0 c 17.1±1.1 b 26.9±1.0 b
P120 49.0±0.7 a 61.8±0.3 f 71.2±0.0 c 19.8±0.2 a 28.8±0.0 a
NSM P0 39.4±0.7 d 75.7±0.5 a 83.6±1.2 a 7.7±0.5 e 16.4±1.2 d
P75 43.0±0.7 c 72.3±0.5 b 78.1±1.0 b 12.1±0.5 d 21.9±1.0 c
P120 46.7±0.3 b 70.1±0.3 c 76.6±1.4 b 14.1±1.0 c 23.4±1.4 c
F值
F-value		 M ** ** ** ** **
P ** ** ** ** **
M×P ns ns ns ns ns

图4

小麦氮磷积累的相关关系"

图5

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦的氮肥偏生产力 缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示处理之间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**表示处理间在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。"

图6

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦的花后旗叶叶绿素含量 缩写同图2。"

图7

秸秆覆盖与施磷下小麦籽粒产量 缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示处理之间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**表示处理间在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。"

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