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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 821-832.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21016

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对花后高温胁迫下冬小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响

高春华1,2(), 冯波1,*(), 李国芳3, 李宗新2, 李升东1, 曹芳1, 慈文亮4, 赵海军2   

  1. 1山东省农业科学院作物研究所 / 小麦玉米国家工程研究中心 / 农业农村部黄淮北部小麦生物学与遗传育种重点实验室 / 山东省小麦技术创新中心, 山东济南 250100
    2山东省农业科学院, 山东济南 250100
    3淄博市数字农业农村发展中心, 山东淄博 255000
    4山东省农业机械科学研究院, 山东济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-22 接受日期:2022-07-21 出版日期:2023-03-12 网络出版日期:2022-08-17
  • 通讯作者: 冯波
  • 作者简介:E-mail: chunhuaaa009@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省农业科技资金(园区产业提升工程)项目(2019YQ001);山东省重大科技创新项目(2020CXGC108052);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300600-1);山东省重点研发计划项目(2021LZGC009-4);山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2019PEE047);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-22)

Effects of nitrogen application rate on starch synthesis in winter wheat under high temperature stress after anthesis

GAO Chun-Hua1,2(), FENG Bo1,*(), LI Guo-Fang3, LI Zong-Xin2, LI Sheng-Dong1, CAO Fang1, CI Wen-Liang4, ZHAO Hai-Jun2   

  1. 1Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize / Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Northern Huang-Huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
    3Zibo Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Center, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
    4Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-02-22 Accepted:2022-07-21 Published:2023-03-12 Published online:2022-08-17
  • Contact: FENG Bo
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Agricultural Science and Technology Fund (Industrial Upgrading Project in the Park) Program(2019YQ001);Shandong Provincial Major Science and Technology Innovation Program(2020CXGC108052);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300600-1);Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2021LZGC009-4);Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019PEE047);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-22)

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摘要：

为探明氮肥对花后高温胁迫下小麦籽粒淀粉合成的响应机制, 明确氮肥缓解高温胁迫危害的生理机理及适宜运筹措施, 本研究于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在山东济南、济阳试验基地进行, 以不同耐热性小麦品种济麦44 (耐热型)和新麦26 (敏感型)为材料, 设2个温度水平(对照: CK; 花后10~16 d高温: H)和3个施氮量(N1: 180 kg hm-2; N2: 240 kg hm-2; N3: 300 kg hm-2), 研究了施氮量对花后高温胁迫后粒重、灌浆特性、蔗糖与淀粉合成及其相关酶活性影响。结果表明, 花后高温显著缩短2个品种各施氮处理的灌浆天数, 显著降低了籽粒最大灌浆速率、支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量及支/直比值。花后高温胁迫下, 与180 kg hm-2和300 kg hm-2处理相比, 240 kg hm-2处理2个品种旗叶中蔗糖含量最高; 同时籽粒中直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量和粒重最高; 籽粒中蔗糖合成酶分解方向(SS-I)活性、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性最高。花后高温胁迫和240 kg hm-2施氮量处理下, 济麦44旗叶中蔗糖合成酶合成方向(SS-II)和籽粒中蔗糖合成酶分解方向(SS-I)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性均显著高于新麦26; 济麦44旗叶中蔗糖含量、籽粒中淀粉含量和粒重显著高于新麦26。研究表明耐热性不同品种在适宜施氮量(240 kg hm-2)下能保持高温胁迫后较高的旗叶合成蔗糖能力和籽粒分解蔗糖能力, 维持高温胁迫下籽粒较高的淀粉合成底物供给能力, 适宜施氮量可以缓解高温胁迫对籽粒淀粉合成的抑制作用。合理施氮和选择耐热性强的品种是提高冬小麦花后高温胁迫后籽粒淀粉含量和缓解高温胁迫危害的一项应对措施。

关键词: 冬小麦, 施氮量, 花后高温, 蔗糖, 淀粉, 酶活性

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the response mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer to starch synthesis in wheat grains under high temperature stress after anthesis and to clarify the physiological mechanism and reasonable operation measures of nitrogen fertilizer to alleviate the damage of high temperature stress. The experiment was carried out in Jinan and Jiyang experimental station of Shandong Province on different nitrogen application rates (N1: 180 kg hm-2, N2: 240 kg hm-2, and N3: 300 kg hm-2), with heat resistant wheat variety JM44 and heat sensitive variety XM26 from 2018 to 2020, using an artificial greenhouse to warm up the air temperature for 7 days after anthesis as high temperature stress (H) and the field as control (CK). Grain filling rates, grain weight, sucrose, starch synthesis and related enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that the grain filling period was shortened, the maximum grain filling rate, amylopectin content, total starch contents, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylase were significantly reduced compared with the control caused by high temperature stress after anthesis. Compared with 180 kg hm-2 and 300 kg hm-2 treatments, the sucrose accumulation in flag leaves were found highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The contents of amylase, amylopectin, total starch, grain weight, the highest activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in grains were also the highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The results also showed that under high temperature stress with nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 the activity of sucrose synthase synthetic direction (SS-II), and the activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), the soluble starch synthase (SSS), and the starch branching enzyme (SBE) of grains in JM44 were higher than those in XM26, resulting in more sucrose content in flag leaves, higher grain weight, and more starch content of grains in JM44. The study showed that to reduce the inhibition on starch synthesis, the nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 could maintain higher level of sucrose synthesis in flag leaves and sucrose decomposition capacity in grains after high temperature stress. These results indicate that the suitable nitrogen application and selection resistance cultivars were a coping measure to increase the starch content and alleviating the harmful effects of high temperature stress after anthesis in winter wheat.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen application rate, high temperature after anthesis, sucrose, starch, enzyme activity

表1

试验处理设计水平"

温度
Temperature treatment		 品种
Cultivar name		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate (kg hm-2)
对照CK 济麦44 Jimai 44 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
新麦26 Xinmai 26 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
高温胁迫High temperature stress 济麦44 Jimai 44 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
新麦26 Xinmai 26 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)

图1

高温胁迫7 d期间对照和处理的小麦冠层平均温度 JN: 济南; JY: 济阳; CK: 对照; H: 高温胁迫。"

图2

氮肥对高温胁迫后籽粒粒重的影响 CK: 对照; H: 高温胁迫; N1: 180 kg hm-2; N2: 240 kg hm-2; N3: 300 kg hm-2。"

表2

氮肥对高温胁迫后籽粒灌浆参数的影响"

温度处理
Temperature treatments		 施氮量
Nitrogen
application rate		 2018-2019 2019-2020
Tmax
(d)		 Vmax
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 R2 Tmax
(d)		 Vmax
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 R2
新麦26 XM26
CK N1 17.88 1.61 39.17 0.995 16.98 1.54 40.47 0.997
N2 18.18 1.63 40.94 0.996 17.20 1.63 41.67 0.997
N3 17.55 1.63 42.46 0.997 18.00 1.76 43.21 0.995
H N1 13.90 0.95 34.53 0.999 13.29 0.86 35.68 0.998
N2 16.25 1.21 36.90 0.999 15.88 1.23 38.66 0.989
N3 13.87 0.99 36.31 0.997 14.92 1.01 37.68 0.998
济麦44 JM44
CK N1 16.45 1.77 41.79 0.994 16.67 1.79 41.18 0.991
N2 17.38 1.90 43.14 0.993 16.86 1.88 41.83 0.990
N3 16.04 1.89 44.64 0.992 17.00 1.82 44.30 0.994
H N1 14.33 1.00 38.97 0.992 12.61 0.94 38.37 0.993
N2 16.41 1.47 40.51 0.998 16.53 1.40 39.74 0.997
N3 14.67 1.01 39.72 0.995 15.71 1.04 39.35 0.991

图3

氮肥对高温胁迫后旗叶和籽粒蔗糖含量的影响 柱上不同小写字母表示相同施氮量下同一品种对照与高温胁迫间差异显著(P < 0.05); 柱上不同大写字母表示相同温条件下品种和施氮量处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线为标准差。处理同图2。"

图4

氮肥对高温胁迫后旗叶中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性的影响 SS-I: 蔗糖合成酶分解方向; SS-II: 蔗糖合成酶合成方向。柱上不同小写字母表示相同施氮量下同一品种对照与高温胁迫间差异显著(P < 0.05); 柱上不同大写字母表示相同温度条件下品种和施氮量处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线为标准差。处理同图2。"

图5

氮肥对高温胁迫后籽粒中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性的影响 SS-I: 蔗糖合成酶分解方向; SS-II: 蔗糖合成酶合成方向。柱上不同小写字母表示相同施氮量下同一品种对照与高温胁迫间差异显著(P < 0.05); 柱上不同大写字母表示相同温条件下品种和施氮量处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线为标准差。处理同图2。"

表3

氮肥对高温胁迫后小麦籽粒淀粉含量的影响"

温度处理
Temperature treatments		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose content
(%)		 支链淀粉含量
Amylopectin content
(%)		 总淀粉含量
Starch content
(%)		 支/直比
Ratio of amylose to amylopectin
新麦26 XM26
CK N1 9.09±0.13 c 42.53±0.23 b 51.62±0.10 b 4.69±0.05 b
N2 13.78±0.11 b 47.54±1.82 a 61.32±1.70 a 3.52±0.04 d
N3 7.43±0.18 d 40.83±0.59 b 48.27±0.77 c 5.54±0.17 a
H N1 7.23±0.02 de 30.34±0.33 d 37.57±0.35 d 4.18±0.03 c
N2 16.76±0.016 a 34.50±0.25 c 51.25±0.24 b 2.07±0.01 e
N3 6.96±0.017 e 32.78±0.13 cd 39.74±0.15 d 4.72±0.02 b
济麦44 JM44
CK N1 9.41±0.04 c 47.49±0.02 b 56.90±0.06 b 5.05±0.24 b
N2 12.46±0.31 d 56.74±0.07 a 69.20±0.24 a 4.56±0.11 c
N3 7.71±0.26 d 47.00±0.31 b 54.71±0.05 b 6.12±0.18 a
H N1 7.31±0.16 d 37.71±1.12 d 45.02±0.96 c 5.08±0.04 b
N2 14.66±0.09 a 42.26±2.55 c 56.92±2.45 b 2.80±0.07 d
N3 5.96±0.25 e 30.01±0.39 e 35.96±0.63 d 5.08±0.24 b

图6

氮肥对高温胁迫后籽粒中SSS和GBSS活性的影响 SSS: 可溶性淀粉合成酶; GBSS: 结合态淀粉合成酶。柱上不同小写字母表示相同施氮量下同一品种对照与高温胁迫间差异显著(P < 0.05); 柱上不同大写字母表示相同温度条件下品种和施氮量处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线为标准差。处理同图2。"

图7

氮肥对高温胁迫后籽粒中SBE的影响 SBE: 淀粉分支酶。柱上不同小写字母表示相同施氮量下同一品种对照与高温胁迫间差异显著(P < 0.05); 柱上不同大写字母表示相同温度条件下品种和施氮量处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线为标准差。处理同图2。"

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