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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 211-224.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11100

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对滴灌春小麦叶片光合生理性状的影响

王海琪(), 王荣荣, 蒋桂英(), 尹豪杰, 晏世杰, 车子强   

  1. 石河子大学农学院, 新疆石河子 832000
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-16 接受日期:2022-06-07 出版日期:2023-01-12 网络出版日期:2022-11-08
  • 通讯作者: 蒋桂英
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1486410951@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31760346);南疆重点产业创新发展支撑计划项目(2021DB010)

Effect of amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied on photosynthetic physiological characteristics of drip irrigated spring wheat leaves

WANG Hai-Qi(), WANG Rong-Rong, JIANG Gui-Ying(), YIN Hao-Jie, YAN Shi-Jie, CHE Zi-Qiang   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2021-11-16 Accepted:2022-06-07 Published:2023-01-12 Published online:2022-11-08
  • Contact: JIANG Gui-Ying
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760346);Southern Xinjiang Key Industry Innovation and Development Support Plan(2021DB010)

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摘要：

在北疆气候条件下, 为明确不同氮肥施用量对滴灌春小麦叶片光合特性与同化物累积的调控效应, 以强筋小麦新春37号(XC37)、中筋小麦新春6号(XC6)为试验材料, 采用裂区试验设计, 在CK1 (300 kg hm-2)、A1 (255 kg hm-2)、B1 (210 kg hm-2)、CK2 (0 kg hm-2)施氮水平下, 研究施氮量对小麦叶片光合关键酶活性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、干物质累积分配、产量及氮肥利用率(NUE)的影响。结果表明, 随施氮量的增加, 光合关键酶活性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、地上部干物质累积(SDM)、穗重(SPDM)及产量均呈先升后降的趋势。其中以A1处理表现出高的RuBPC酶活性、PEPC酶活性、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、SDM、SPDM、产量和NUE, 比其余处理高出10.51%~30.45%, 7.05%~64.95%, 7.49%~26.66%, 11.61%~63.44%, 5.72%~49.85%, 1.68%~28.55%, 5.00%~46.01%, 18.95%~96.45%, 22.95%~177.44%, 4.15%~46.88%, 6.30%~25.42%, 胞间CO2浓度(Ci)相比其余处理降低了11.73%~20.95%。相关分析表明, 产量、干物质累积、NUE和Pn、Gs、Tr、ФPSII呈极显著正相关关系, 与Ci呈极显著负相关。施氮量和品种互作对RuBPC酶活性在扬花期、PEPC酶活性在扬花至乳熟期、Fv/Fm和ΦPSII在拔节期和扬花期的互作效应达到显著水平。因此, 新疆滴灌模式下, 适量减氮(255 kg hm-2)能改善小麦光合性能, 在增加干物质累积的基础上, 促进光合产物向穗部的分配运输, 有利于产量的形成。

关键词: 滴灌春小麦, 施氮量, 光合特性, 干物质累积, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the regulatory effects of different N fertilizer applications on photosynthetic characteristics and assimilate accumulation in drip irrigated spring wheat leaves under the climatic conditions of northern Xinjiang. A split-zone experimental design was used to investigate the effects of N application on the photosynthetic enzyme activities, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation partitioning, and yield of wheat leaves at CK1 (300 kg hm-2), A1 (255 kg hm-2), B1 (210 kg hm-2), and CK2 (0 kg hm-2) levels, in order to investigate the effects of N application on the activities of key photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation distribution, yield, and NUE of wheat leaves. The results showed that the photosynthetic key enzyme activity, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, aboveground dry matter accumulation (SDM), reproductive organ dry matter accumulation (SPDM), and yield all had an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend with increasing N application. There were high RuBPC activity, PEPC enzyme activity, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), SDM, SPDM, yield and NUE in A1 treatment, which were 6.10%-30.45% higher than the rest of the treatments and 10.51%-64.95%, 7.05%-64.95%, 7.49%-26.66%, 11.61%-63.44%, 5.72%-49.85%, 1.68%-28.55%, 5.00%-46.01%, 18.95%-96.45%, 22.95%-177.44%, 4.15%-46.88%, 6.30%-25.42%, and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was reduced by 11.73%-20.95% compared to the rest of the treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that the yield, dry matter accumulation, NUE and Pn, Gs, Tr, ФPSII were highly significantly positively correlated and highly significantly negatively correlated with Ci. The reciprocal effects of N application and variety intercropping reached significant levels for RuBPC enzyme activity at anthesis stage, PEPC enzyme activity from anthesis to milking, Fv/Fm and ΦPSII at nodulation and anthesis. Therefore, the moderate N reduction (255 kg hm-2) under the drip irrigation pattern in Xinjiang improved the photosynthetic performance of wheat and facilitated the distribution and transport of photosynthetic products to reproductive organs on the basis of increased dry matter accumulation, which was beneficial to yield formation.

Key words: drip irrigated spring wheat, N application, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, yield

图1

小麦生育期间日平均温度和降雨量"

表1

供试土壤基本理化性状"

年份
Year		 全氮含量
Total N (g kg-1)		 碱解氮含量
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷含量
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾含量
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质含量
Organic
(g kg-1)		 pH
2020 1.30 61.30 15.24 147.01 18.43 7.7
2021 1.37 58.71 16.96 139.02 17.84 7.6

表2

不同处理氮肥施用量"

处理
Treatment
(kg hm-2)		 基肥
Base fertilizer
(20%)		 追肥
Top dressing
(80%)		 二叶一心期Two-leaf one-hearted stage (10%) 分蘖期Tillering stage (10%) 拔节期
Jointing stage (40%)		 孕穗期Booting stage (20%) 扬花期Flowering stage (15%) 乳熟期
Milky maturity stage (5%)
CK1 (300) 60 240 24 24 96 48 36 12
A1 (255) 51 204 20.4 20.4 81.6 40.8 30.6 10.2
B1 (210) 42 168 16.8 16.8 67.2 33.6 25.2 8.4
CK2 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

图2

滴灌带布置示意图"

图3

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦RuBPC酶活性和PEPC酶活性的影响 处理同表2。XC37: 新春37号; XC6: 新春6号。FS: 扬花期; MS: 乳熟期; DS: 蜡熟期。相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦光合生理指标的方差分析"

性状
Trait		 RuBPC PEPC Fv/Fm ΦPSII
FS MS DS FS MS DS TS JS BS FS MS DS TS JS BS FS MS DS
Y ns ns ns * ns ns ** ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ns
V ** ns ns ** ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ns ** * ns
N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y*V ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ** ns ** ns ns ns ns ns
V*N ** ns ns ** ** ns ns ** ns ** ** ns * ** ns ** ns ns
Y*N ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ** ** ns ns
Y*V*N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ns ** ** ns ns ** ns ns ns ns
性状
Trait		 Pn Gs Ci Tr
TS JS BS FS MS DS TS JS BS FS MS DS TS JS BS FS MS DS TS JS BS FS MS DS
Y ** ** ** * ns ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ns ** * ** ** ** ns
V ns ** ** ns ** ** * ** ** ** ** ns * ** ** * ns ns ** ** ** ** ** ns
N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y*V ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ns ns ns
V*N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ** ns ns
Y*N ns ns ** ns ns ns ns ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ** ns ns ns ns ** ** ** ** ns
Y*V*N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ** ns ns

图4

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)的影响 处理同表2。XC37: 新春37号; XC6: 新春6号。TS: 分蘖期; JS: 拔节期; BS: 孕穗期; FS: 扬花期; MS: 乳熟期; DS: 蜡熟期。相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响 图上生育时期简写同图4; 处理同表2。相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图6

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)的影响 图上生育时期简写同图4; 相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图7

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)的影响 图上生育时期简写同图4; 相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表4

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦地上部干物质质量、穗重的影响"

年份
Years
(Y)		 品种
Variety
(V)		 施氮量
Nitrogen (N)		 地上部干物质重Shoot dry matter (kg hm‒2) 穗重Spike dry matter (kg hm‒2) 产量
Yield
(kg hm‒2)		 氮肥利用率NUE
TS JS BS FS MS BS FS MS
2020 新春37号
XC37		 CK1 1305.03 b 2258.20 b 10087.33 b 11432.67 b 19744.50 b 2257.07 b 3419.20 b 10633.00 b 6952.75 b 40.20 a
A1 1585.03 a 2753.33 a 11332.87 a 13154.90 a 23486.53 a 2744.07 a 4179.50 a 12561.37 a 7247.82 a 42.23 a
B1 1254.20 b 2211.43 b 8107.63 c 8894.83 c 16470.63 c 1785.40 c 2746.73 c 7978.67 c 6818.60 c 33.67 bc
CK2 1079.77 c 1534.53 c 6701.53 d 8364.33c d 12292.53 d 1336.97 d 2246.93 d 5144.50 d 4986.42 d /
新春6号
XC6		 CK1 1298.07 b 2187.80 b 9820.10 b 10911.10 b 17793.80 c 2218.10 b 3408.13 b 9858.90 b 6921.06 b 37.10 b
A1 1556.03 a 2683.33 a 11084.47 a 12805.40 a 22331.77 a 2738.57 a 4155.57 a 11852.27 a 7141.44 a 39.55 ab
B1 1151.23 bc 2186.87 b 7938.37 c 8698.67 c 15844.93 c 1694.80 c 2712.50 c 7820.90 c 6736.09 c 32.51 c
CK2 1014.57 c 1483.60 c 6623.83 d 7539.57 d 11698.87 d 1288.77 d 2222.8 d 4987.57 d 4881.70 d /
F值
F-value		 V ns ns * * * ns ns ns ns **
N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
N×V ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
2021 新春37号
XC37		 CK1 1301.20 bc 2275.45 b 9766.47 b 11627.48 b 19095.80 b 2189.42 bc 3398.32 b 9065.75 b 6930.33 b 35.77 ab
A1 1536.20 a 2743.70 a 10910.15 a 13295.55 a 23703.10 a 2698.60 a 4058.40 a 11670.08 a 7220.33 a 36.86 a
B1 1177.45 cd 2206.00 bc 8104.10 c 8987.90 c 16632.68 c 1534.15 d 2583.35 c 7356.52 c 6782.00 bc 34.25 bc
CK2 1095.05 cd 1511.00 d 6373.93 d 7947.10 d 12220.15 d 1129.08 d 2105.73 d 4602.15 d 5013.00 d /
新春6号
XC6		 CK1 1228.40 cd 2118.95 bc 9433.05 b 11150.27 b 18742.00 b 2015.90 c 3240.37 b 8893.95 b 6848.67 bc 34.55 b
A1 1464.85 ab 2587.05 a 10702.25 a 12760.30 a 22582.28 a 2617.85 ab 3917.85 a 11187.35 a 7180.33 a 34.77 ab
B1 1189.30 cd 1969.95 c 7734.10 c 8728.20 c 15638.52 c 1398.70 d 2513.05 c 7079.43 c 6687.33 c 32.71 c
CK2 1048.70 d 1368.80 d 6095.50 d 6220.13 e 11494.90 d 1054.25 d 1768.88 d 4032.30 d 4917.33 d /
F值
F-value		 V ns * ** ** * ns * * * **
N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *
N×V ns ns ns ** ns ns ns ns ns ns

图8

减氮处理对滴灌春小麦生穗重所占比例的影响 图上生育时期简写同图4; 处理同表2。XC37: 新春37号；XC6：新春6号。相同时期不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表5

不同时期测定参数与地上部和穗重的相关关系"

生育时期
Growth
stage		 参数
Parameter		 Yield NUE SDM SPDM Pn Gs Tr Ci Fv/Fm ΦPSII RuBPC PEPC
孕穗期
Booting
stage		 Yield 1
NUE 0.99** 1
SDM 0.87** 0.85** 1
SPDM 0.83** 0.79** 0.99** 1
Pn 0.69** 0.70** 0.82** 0.84** 1
Gs 0.85** 0.83** 0.85** 0.81** 0.74** 1
Tr 0.77** 0.74** 0.80** 0.74** 0.61* 0.91** 1
Ci -0.72** -0.69** -0.91** -0.91** -0.78** -0.83** -0.78** 1
Fv/Fm 0.85** 0.83** 0.93** 0.90** 0.80** 0.97** 0.90** -0.92** 1
ΦPSII 0.89** 0.86** 0.92** 0.86** 0.67** 0.93** 0.94** -0.86** 0.95** 1
扬花期
Flowering stage		 Yield 1
NUE 0.99** 1
SDM 0.81** 0.77** 1
SPDM 0.85** 0.82** 0.99** 1
Pn 0.77** 0.76** 0.87** 0.92** 1
Gs 0.72** 0.69** 0.71** 0.73** 0.68** 1
Tr 0.87** 0.85** 0.82** 0.86** 0.85** 0.93** 1
Ci -0.78** -0.77** -0.91** -0.95** -0.87** -0.63** -0.75** 1
Fv/Fm 0.63** 0.60* 0.62** 0.63** 0.56* 0.97** 0.88** -0.51* 1
ΦPSII 0.78** 0.75** 0.90** 0.89** 0.82** 0.46 0.68** -0.81** 0.37 1
RuBPC 0.82** 0.79** 0.94** 0.94** 0.89** 0.74** 0.87** -0.85** 0.69** 0.87** 1
PEPC 0.73** 0.70** 0.89** 0.90** 0.89** 0.67** 0.81** -0.80** 0.62** 0.84** 0.97** 1
乳熟期
Milking
stage		 Yield 1
NUE 0.99** 1
SDM 0.88** 0.85** 1
SPDM 0.88** 0.87** 0.98** 1
Pn 0.87** 0.84** 0.97** 0.96** 1
Gs 0.79** 0.72** 0.95** 0.89** 0.91** 1
Tr 0.84** 0.79** 0.91** 0.84** 0.84** 0.92** 1
Ci -0.79** -0.77** -0.91** -0.94** -0.87** -0.82** -0.75** 1
Fv/Fm 0.48 0.43 0.55* 0.41 0.43 0.64** 0.82** -0.31 1
ΦPSII 0.85** 0.79** 0.96** 0.90** 0.92** 0.97** 0.96** -0.80** 0.69** 1
RuBPC 0.91** 0.88** 0.97** 0.96** 0.96** 0.89** 0.88** -0.90** 0.51* 0.92** 1
PEPC 0.81** 0.78** 0.95** 0.93** 0.95** 0.90** 0.84** -0.84** 0.51* 0.89** 0.92** 1
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