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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1090-1101.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24087

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对甘薯块根膨大过程中淀粉含量及特性的影响

吴世雨1,2(), 陈匡稷1,3, 吕尊富1,2, 徐锡明1,2, 庞林江2,4, 陆国权1,2,*()   

  1. 1浙江农林大学现代农学院/浙江省农产品品质改良重点实验室, 浙江杭州 311300
    2浙江农林大学薯类作物研究所, 浙江杭州 311300
    3仪征市农业技术综合服务中心, 江苏扬州 211400
    4浙江农林大学食品与健康学院, 浙江杭州 311300
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-07 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-04-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-15
  • 通讯作者: *陆国权, E-mail: lugq10@zju.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wsyu@stu.zafu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-10);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2021C02057);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2022C02041-2);浙江省三农九方科技协作项目(2022SNJF008);浙江省教育厅科研资助项目(Y202147184)

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on starch contents and properties during storage root expansion in sweetpotato

WU Shi-Yu1,2(), CHEN Kuang-Ji1,3, LYU Zun-Fu1,2, XU Xi-Ming1,2, PANG Lin-Jiang2,4, LU Guo-Quan1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University/Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
    2Institute of Root & Tuber Crops, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
    3Yizheng Agricultural Technology Comprehensive Service Center, Yangzhou 211400, Jiangsu, China
    4College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2022-04-07 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-04-12 Published online:2022-09-15
  • Contact: *E-mail: lugq10@zju.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-10);Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program(2021C02057);Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program(2022C02041-2);Zhejiang Sannong Jiufang Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2022SNJF008);General Research Program for the Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Y202147184)

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摘要：

为探究施氮量对甘薯块根膨大过程中淀粉含量及特性的影响, 以‘心香’和‘商薯19’为试验材料, 设置0 kg hm-2 (CK)、57.5 kg hm-2 (N1)、115 kg hm-2 (N2) 3个氮肥(N)处理在栽插当日施用。在栽插后60、80、100、120和140 d取样, 研究了施加氮肥后甘薯块根膨大过程中淀粉的含量、糊化特性、流变特性、凝胶质构特性及淀粉酶活性的变化规律。结果表明, (1) 在块根膨大过程中, 施用氮肥可显著提高2个甘薯品种淀粉含量。块根膨大前期施氮显著降低‘心香’淀粉糊化特性的最低黏度、最终黏度和消减值, 后期显著降低‘商薯19’淀粉糊化特性的最低黏度、最终黏度和消减值, 显著提高‘心香’淀粉糊化特性的最低黏度、最终黏度和消减值; (2) 3个处理下, 淀粉凝胶硬度和咀嚼性随块根的膨大逐渐降低。在块根膨大后期, N2处理可显著提升2个品种的淀粉凝胶硬度; (3) 2个品种淀粉凝胶呈现弹性性质, N1、N2处理可提高‘心香’的储能模量和损耗模量, 降低‘商薯19’的储能模量和损耗模量; (4)块根膨大前期, 施氮降低2个品种α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性, 但是块根膨大后期提高。因此, 施氮量会对甘薯块根膨大过程中淀粉含量及特性产生显著影响。‘商薯19’在115 kg hm-2施氮量下, 栽插后120 d时进行收获, 有利于甘薯淀粉加工。合理施氮、适时收获有利于甘薯淀粉的积累及其品质提升。

关键词: 甘薯, 氮肥, 块根膨大期, 淀粉, 理化特性

Abstract:

In order to explore the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on starch contents and properties during storage root expansion of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), two sweetpotato cultivars (‘Xinxiang’ and ‘Shangshu 19’) were taken as the experimental materials, and three nitrogen fertilizer application rates (0 kg hm-2 (CK), 57.5 kg hm-2 (N1), and 115 kg hm-2 (N2)) were designed and conducted on the day of planting. To investigate the changes of starch content, starch gelatinization properties, starch dynamic rheological properties, gel texture properties, and amylase activity in sweetpotato storage roots during storage root expansion, the storage root samples were collected at the 60th, 80th, 100th, 120th, and 140th days after planting. Results were as follows: (1) Nitrogen fertilizer application could significantly increase the starch content of two cultivars during storage root expansion, but significantly reduce the hot paste viscosity (HPV), cold paste viscosity (CPV), and setback viscosity (SBV) of starch gelatinization properties of ‘Xinxiang’ at the initial stage of storage root expansion (IES), and significantly decrease the HPV, CPV, and SBV of ‘Shangshu 19’, while remarkably increase the HPV, CPV, and SBV of ‘Xinxiang’ at the late-expanding stage of storage root expansion (LES). (2) The hardness and chewiness of starch gel under three nitrogen fertilizer application treatments gradually decreased during storage root expansion. Among them, N2 treatment could significantly improve the hardness of gel of sweetpotatoes at LES. (3) The starch gel of two cultivars exhibit elastic properties. N1 and N2 treatments could increase the storage modulus and loss modulus of ‘Xinxiang’ whereas reduce the storage modulus and loss modulus of ‘Shangshu 19’. (4) Nitrogen fertilizer application rates reduced the amylase activity at IES, but increased the amylase activity at LES of the two cultivars. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer application rate obviously affected the starch contents and properties of sweetpotatoes during storage root expansion. Moreover, ‘Shangshu 19’ with 115 kg hm-2 of nitrogen fertilizer application rate harvesting on 120 days after planting, which was conducive to the processing properties of sweetpotato starch. In conclusion, reasonable nitrogen application and timely harvest were beneficial to the accumulation and quality improvement of sweetpotato starch.

Key words: sweetpotato, nitrogen fertilizer, storage root expansion stage, starch, physicochemical properties

图1

不同施氮量对甘薯块根膨大过程中淀粉含量的影响 A: 心香; B: 商薯19。CK: 0 kg hm-2氮肥施用量; N1: 57.5 kg hm-2氮肥施用量; N2: 115 kg hm-2氮肥施用量。不同小写字母标识代表不同处理在同一时期差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表1

不同施氮量对‘心香’块根膨大过程中淀粉糊化特性的影响"

栽插后天数
Days after planting		 处理
Treatment		 最高黏度
PKV (RVU)		 最低黏度
HPV (RVU)		 崩解值
BDV (RVU)		 最终黏度
CPV (RVU)		 消减值
SBV (RVU)		 峰值时间
T (min)		 糊化温度
PT (℃)
60 d CK 466.09±4.48 a 286.09±5.42 a 180.00±0.95 c 368.17±1.29 a -97.92±3.18 a 4.74±0.09 a 82.80±1.63 a
N1 463.88±9.72 a 255.67±5.30 b 208.21±4.42 b 324.34±3.77 b -139.54±5.95 b 4.60±0.00 ab 82.73±0.53 a
N2 479.96±0.30 a 243.50±2.23 b 236.46±1.94 a 314.29±3.13 c -165.67±2.83 c 4.50±0.04 b 82.83±0.39 a
80 d CK 498.88±4.18 a 296.04±2.42 a 202.83±1.77 b 382.34±5.89 a -116.54±1.71 a 4.64±0.05 a 82.33±1.03 a
N1 478.58±9.19 a 257.59±4.01 b 221.00±5.19 a 330.67±3.06 b -147.92±6.13 b 4.57±0.05 ab 82.00±0.49 a
N2 480.09±10.02 a 245.21±3.95 c 234.88±6.07 a 313.29±5.71 c -166.79±4.30 c 4.47±0.00 b 82.78±0.53 a
100 d CK 484.29±8.08 a 259.21±0.41 a 225.09±7.66 ab 344.34±0.94 a -139.96±9.02 a 4.60±0.00 a 83.13±0.04 a
N1 488.29±3.83 a 242.96±0.53 b 245.34±3.30 a 320.09±3.06 b -168.21±6.89 b 4.33±0.00 b 82.43±0.04 a
N2 469.21±5.36 a 245.25±2.23 b 223.96±7.60 c 323.92±3.54 b -145.29±1.82 a 4.60±0.10 a 82.80±0.42 a
120 d CK 421.71±3.24 b 209.58±2.47 a 212.13±0.77 b 280.83±4.60 a -140.88±7.84 a 4.44±0.05 a 83.13±0.04 a
N1 455.46±4.07 ab 214.83±3.54 a 240.63±7.60 ab 282.63±5.37 a -172.84±1.29 b 4.34±0.09 a 81.65±1.20 a
N2 494.34±27.46 a 229.75±12.84 a 264.59±14.62 a 307.50±14.03 a -186.83±13.44 b 4.37±0.05 a 82.38±0.04 a
140 d CK 515.67±1.18 a 219.25±2.83 b 296.42±4.01 a 312.00±2.01 c -203.67±3.18 c 4.53±0.00 a 82.28±0.04 b
N1 511.50±8.13 a 269.63±5.48 a 241.88±2.65 c 375.17±1.65 a -136.34±6.48 a 4.67±0.00 a 85.45±0.00 a
N2 515.46±5.71 a 263.34±4.83 a 252.13±0.88 b 341.79±0.76 b -173.67±4.95 b 4.67±0.09 a 83.90±1.06 ab

表2

不同施氮量对‘商薯19’块根膨大过程中淀粉糊化特性的影响"

栽插后天数
Days after
planting		 处理
Treatment		 最高黏度
PKV (RVU)		 最低黏度
HPV (RVU)		 崩解值
BDV (RVU)		 最终黏度
CPV (RVU)		 消减值
SBV (RVU)		 峰值时间
T (min)		 糊化温度
PT (℃)
60 d CK 452.00±3.65 a 232.88±1.24 a 219.13±2.41 a 300.96±3.59 a -151.04±0.06 a 4.53±0.00 a 83.60±0.49 a
N1 456.84±2.71 a 247.29±2.53 a 209.55±0.18 a 315.00±4.95 a -141.84±2.24 a 4.50±0.04 a 83.60±0.64 a
N2 435.50±24.28 a 230.96±11.26 a 204.54±13.02 a 299.92±10.02 a -135.59±14.26 a 4.57±0.05 a 84.05±0.07 a
80 d CK 470.83±40.66 a 240.67±11.79 a 230.17±28.87 a 320.04±21.62 a -150.79±19.04 a 4.50±0.04 a 83.18±0.04 b
N1 458.96±4.89 a 247.63±0.18 a 211.34±5.07 a 312.50±6.83 a -146.46±11.72 a 4.50±0.04 a 83.60±0.64 b
N2 458.67±8.96 a 244.63±0.88 a 214.04±8.08 a 318.04±1.47 a -140.63±7.49 a 4.64±0.05 a 85.20±0.57 a
100 d CK 475.38±7.95 b 238.59±0.23 a 236.79±8.19 b 307.09±6.84 a -168.29±1.12 a 4.64±0.05 a 85.25±0.57 a
N1 491.63±0.42 a 233.50±1.41 a 258.13±1.00 a 297.79±1.71 a -193.83±2.12 b 4.53±0.00 a 85.23±0.39 a
N2 469.75±2.12 b 226.13±3.36 b 243.63±1.24 ab 297.09±3.30 a -172.67±1.18 a 4.57±0.05 a 85.58±0.04 a
120 d CK 492.29±4.54 a 210.59±6.95 a 281.71±2.42 a 270.04±2.88 a -222.25±1.65 b 4.30±0.04 a 84.40±0.57 a
N1 486.17±28.99 a 215.21±5.13 a 270.96±23.86 a 287.54±16.21a -198.63±12.79 ab 4.40±0.10 a 83.58±0.53 a
N2 456.50±10.61 a 206.63±6.07 a 249.88±4.53 a 273.50±7.67 a -183.00±2.94 a 4.47±0.00 a 85.15±0.57 a
140 d CK 495.42±0.35 b 239.17±0.83 a 256.25±0.47 b 309.34±3.42 a -186.09±3.06 a 4.90±0.04 a 88.13±0.60 a
N1 474.17±2.47 c 209.59±3.66 c 264.59±1.18 b 272.88±2.18 c -201.29±0.30 b 4.64±0.05 b 83.15±0.07 b
N2 511.92±1.53 a 222.63±3.12 b 289.29±4.65 a 289.79±6.07 b -222.13±4.53 c 4.57±0.05 b 83.10±1.13 b

表3

不同施氮量对‘心香’块根膨大过程中淀粉凝胶质构特性的影响"

栽插后天数
Days after planting		 处理
Treatment		 硬度
Hardness (N)		 咀嚼性
Chewiness (J)		 黏聚性
Cohesiveness		 回复性
Resilience (G)
60 d CK 22.39±3.97 a 12.21±3.36 a 0.85±0.07 a 0.65±0.12 a
N1 14.45±2.12 b 7.90±2.20 a 0.92±0.03 a 0.75±0.04 a
N2 15.97±2.25 b 8.71±4.20 a 0.91±0.03 a 0.76±0.01 a
80 d CK 17.65±2.31 a 16.23±2.33 a 0.92±0.02 b 0.76±0.03 a
N1 10.62±0.53 b 10.50±0.75 b 0.99±0.04 a 0.73±0.02 a
N2 11.18±0.86 b 10.99±1.02 b 0.98±0.05 a 0.73±0.03 a
100 d CK 11.14±0.86 a 12.20±1.30 a 1.09±0.05 a 0.70±0.02 a
N1 12.08±0.94 a 13.04±0.96 a 1.08±0.06 a 0.72±0.02 a
N2 11.85±1.63 a 13.03±1.37 a 1.11±0.06 a 0.71±0.04 a
120 d CK 8.52±0.75 a 9.39±1.23 a 1.10±0.07 a 0.70±0.03 a
N1 7.27±1.07 a 8.40±0.83 a 1.17±0.08 a 0.68±0.06 a
N2 7.24±0.81 a 8.69±0.64 a 1.21±0.07 a 0.65±0.04 a
140 d CK 4.11±0.54 c 4.14±0.59 a 1.01±0.02 a 0.64±0.05 b
N1 6.32±0.14 a 5.39±1.54 a 0.96±0.03 a 0.74±0.01 a
N2 5.24±0.55 b 5.12±0.75 a 0.97±0.07 a 0.67±0.04 b

表4

不同施氮量对‘商薯19’块根膨大过程中淀粉凝胶质构特性的影响"

栽插后天数
Days after planting		 处理
Treatment		 硬度
Hardness (N)		 咀嚼性
Chewiness (J)		 黏聚性
Cohesiveness		 回复性
Resilience (G)
60 d CK 23.83±1.18 a 12.14±4.06 a 0.84±0.03 a 0.67±0.02 a
N1 22.46±4.18 a 15.45±5.03 a 0.83±0.07 a 0.69±0.06 a
N2 20.31±3.07 a 13.81±7.21 a 0.89±0.03 a 0.73±0.03 a
80 d CK 16.33±1.83 b 15.47±1.99 b 0.95±0.06 a 0.72±0.03 a
N1 18.34±1.29 b 17.29±1.16 ab 0.94±0.02 a 0.70±0.01 a
N2 24.99±2.01 a 19.05±1.32 a 0.77±0.06 b 0.58±0.05 b
栽插后天数
Days after planting		 处理
Treatment		 硬度
Hardness (N)		 咀嚼性
Chewiness (J)		 黏聚性
Cohesiveness		 回复性
Resilience (G)
100 d CK 19.80±1.18 b 19.63±1.57 b 0.99±0.07 a 0.72±0.01 a
N1 23.87±1.53 a 22.25±1.41 a 0.93±0.05 a 0.70±0.01 b
N2 20.61±1.90 b 19.87±1.43 b 0.97±0.03 a 0.69±0.01 b
120 d CK 6.05±0.71 b 6.22±0.58 b 1.03±0.03 a 0.68±0.03 ab
N1 6.20±1.53 b 6.07±1.19 b 0.99±0.06 a 0.64±0.07 b
N2 8.78±0.71 a 8.69±0.61 a 0.99±0.02 a 0.73±0.02 a
140 d CK 4.94±0.35 b 4.31±1.37 b 0.99±0.06 a 0.66±0.01 b
N1 5.81±1.18 ab 5.69±1.23 ab 0.98±0.03 a 0.70±0.05 ab
N2 6.50±0.82 a 6.33±0.59 a 0.98±0.04 a 0.73±0.03 a

图2

不同施氮量对‘心香’块根膨大过程中动态流变特性的影响 CK: 0 kg hm-2氮肥施用量; N1: 57.5 kg hm-2氮肥施用量; N2: 115 kg hm-2氮肥施用量。60、80、100、120和140 d分别代表栽插后60、80、100、120和140 d。"

图3

不同施氮量对‘商薯19’块根膨大过程中动态流变特性的影响 处理同图2。"

图4

不同施氮量对甘薯块根膨大过程中α-淀粉酶活性的影响 A: 心香; B: 商薯19。不同小写字母标识代表不同处理在同一时期差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图1。"

图5

不同施氮量对甘薯块根膨大过程中β-淀粉酶活性的影响 A: 心香; B: 商薯19。不同小写字母标识代表不同处理在同一时期差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图1。"

表5

甘薯淀粉主要理化指标相关性"

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16
X2 0.461*
X3 0.027 0.719**
X4 -0.169 -0.634** -0.699**
X5 -0.077 -0.453* -0.646** 0.891**
X6 0.388* 0.711** 0.403* -0.650** -0.366*
X7 0.173 -0.187 -0.287 0.121 0.148 -0.133
X8 0.172 0.450* 0.434* -0.542** -0.413* 0.243 -0.011
X9 0.035 -0.228 -0.382* 0.311 0.245 -0.410* 0.255 0.184
X10 0.121 0.574** 0.644** -0.666** -0.537** 0.511** -0.278 0.624** -0.566**
X11 0.173 -0.073 -0.283 0.209 0.159 -0.285 0.233 0.243 0.946** -0.497**
X12 0.018 -0.368* -0.511** 0.544** 0.431* -0.446* 0.332 -0.435* 0.679** -0.922** 0.666**
X13 -0.142 -0.013 0.089 0.074 -0.009 -0.380* 0.047 0.183 0.537** -0.241 0.499** 0.362*
X14 -0.409* -0.124 0.083 0.176 0.167 -0.307 -0.145 -0.064 -0.128 0.136 -0.257 -0.093 0.287
X15 -0.257 -0.111 -0.089 0.184 0.313 0.117 -0.222 0.000 -0.042 0.068 -0.139 -0.126 -0.145 0.155
X16 -0.529** -0.364* -0.236 0.219 0.231 -0.178 -0.110 0.074 0.176 -0.061 0.018 -0.006 0.118 0.245 0.813**
X17 -0.113 -0.115 0.015 -0.257 -0.407* -0.233 0.141 0.243 0.092 0.089 0.086 -0.044 0.223 0.039 -0.685** -0.215
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