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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1771-1786.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11057

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播冬小麦冬前植株生长及群体质量的影响

刘阿康1(), 马瑞琦1,2(), 王德梅1, 王艳杰1, 杨玉双1, 赵广才1, 常旭虹1,*()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
    2山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2021-06-24 接受日期:2021-10-19 出版日期:2022-07-12 网络出版日期:2021-11-20
  • 通讯作者: 常旭虹
  • 作者简介:刘阿康, E-mail: liuakang1115@163.com
    马瑞琦, E-mail: 18234475334@163.com, Tel: 010-82107635第一联系人：

    ** 同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03);中国农业科学院科技创新工程重大科研任务(CAAS-ZDRW202002)

Effects of filming and supplemental nitrogen fertilizer application on plant growth and population quality of late sowing winter wheat before winter

LIU A-Kang1(), MA Rui-Qi1,2(), WANG De-Mei1, WANG Yan-Jie1, YANG Yu-Shuang1, ZHAO Guang-Cai1, CHANG Xu-Hong1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    2College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-06-24 Accepted:2021-10-19 Published:2022-07-12 Published online:2021-11-20
  • Contact: CHANG Xu-Hong
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAAS-ZDRW202002)

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摘要：

为解决我国北部冬麦区因播期推迟造成越冬前小麦苗情较弱的实际问题, 于2019—2021年在中国农业科学院北京试验基地进行晚播试验, 设3个播期: 10月5日适期播种(S0)、10月15日适当晚播(S1)、10月25日过晚播(S2), 以S0为对照, 对晚播S1、S2采取覆膜和补施氮肥的调控措施, 研究覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦冬前群体质量、个体性状以及茎蘖生长的影响。结果表明: 晚播不利于小麦冬前群体和个体质量的形成, 以及茎蘖的生长。晚播覆膜增温可提高冬前群体总茎数, 与不覆膜处理相比, 适当晚播和过晚播覆膜处理提高了小麦冬前群体生长率和相对生长率, 群体总茎数平均分别提高42.9%、148.4%; 植株冬前叶龄增加, 个体分蘖数平均分别增加1.6个和2.0个; 覆膜增温延长主茎上第1分蘖至第3分蘖营养生长进程, 提高苗期茎叶、分蘖节、根部可溶性糖含量以及叶片中生长素与玉米素核苷的比值(IAA/ZR), 增加冬前群体总茎数。对各处理进行晚播苗情评价可得出, 适期播种条件下均有利于2个不同分蘖力品种冬前群体综合质量的提高, 其中, 多穗型品种中麦8号在晚播覆膜条件下其晚播苗情较好, 大穗型品种航麦501则在适当晚播无调控措施、适当晚播+补施氮肥、适当晚播+覆膜和过晚播+覆膜条件下其晚播苗情较好, 同时2个不同分蘖力品种在晚播条件下对覆膜增温的响应存在差异。中麦8号在适期播种或晚播覆膜条件下更有利其冬前群体综合质量的提升, 而航麦501在适期播种、适当晚播和过晚播覆膜条件下均有利于其晚播苗期质量的提高。补施氮肥则对晚播小麦冬前群体质量、个体性状和茎蘖生长无明显调控效应。综上所述, 在晚播条件下, 覆膜可有效改善小麦冬前群体和个体的综合质量, 进一步促进茎蘖的生长。

关键词: 小麦, 覆膜, 氮肥

Abstract:

In order to solve the actual problem of weaker wheat seedlings before overwintering due to the delayed sowing date in the winter wheat area of northern China, a late sowing experiment was carried out at the Beijing Experimental Base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2019 to 2021. Three sowing dates were set: sowing at the appropriate time on October 5th (S0), appropriate late sowing on October 15 (S1), and too late sowing on October 25 (S2). To study the effects of film mulching and supplemental application of nitrogen fertilizer on the population quality, individual traits and stems and tillers growth of late-sown wheat before winter, the late sowing S1 and S2 were treated with film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer regulating measures. The results showed that late sowing was not conducive to the formation of wheat population and individual quality before winter, and the growth of stems and tillers. Late sowing and mulching to increase temperature can increase the total number of stems and tillers in the population before winter. Compared with the treatment without mulching, mulching can increase the growth rate and relative growth rate of wheat before winter under the conditions of appropriate late sowing and too late sowing. The total number of stems and tillers in the population increased by 42.9% and 148.4%, respectively. The leaf age of the plant before winter increased, and the number of individual tillers increased on average by 1.6 and 2.0, respectively. Film mulching to increase the temperature prolonged the vegetative growth process of the first tiller to the third tiller on main stem, promoted cell growth, increased the soluble sugar content in the stems and leaves, tillering node, roots, and the ratio of IAA/ZR in leaves, and increased the total number of stems and tillers in population before winter. Evaluation of the seedling situation of each treatment for late sowing showed that under the condition of suitable sowing time, it was beneficial to improve the comprehensive quality of two different tillering ability cultivars before winter. Among them, Zhongmai 8 had better seedling situation under the condition of late sowing + film mulching, while Hangmai 501 also had better seedling situation under the condition of proper late sowing, proper late sowing + supplementary nitrogen fertilizer, proper late sowing + film mulching, and too late sowing + film mulching. Meanwhile, there were differences in the responses of two different tillering ability wheat cultivars to the temperature increase under the condition of late sowing + film mulching. It was more beneficial for Zhongmai 8 to improve the overall population quality before winter under the conditions of suitable sowing or late sowing + film mulching, while under the conditions of the appropriate sowing, appropriate late sowing and too late sowing + film mulching, it was beneficial to improve the quality of late sowing seedlings for Hangmai 501. Supplementary application of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant regulatory effects on population quality, individual traits and stems, and tillers growth of late-sown wheat before winter. In summary, under the condition of late sowing, film mulching can effectively improve the overall quality of wheat populations and individuals before winter, and further promote the growth of stems and tillers.

Key words: wheat, filming, nitrogen fertilizer

图1

2019 年和2020年冬前日平均气温"

表1

播前土壤基础养分"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolytic
nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)		 pH
0-20 11.6 124.4 12.5 181.0 7.8
20-40 10.9 127.2 13.3 154.0 7.9

图2

不同处理条件下越冬前积温比较 S0: 适期播种; S1: 适当晚播; S1F: 适当晚播+覆膜; S2: 过晚播; S2F: 过晚播+覆膜。"

图3

不同处理对冬前群体总茎数的影响 S0: 适期播种; S1: 适当晚播; S1F: 适当晚播+覆膜; S1N: 适当晚播+补施氮肥; S2: 过晚播; S2F: 过晚播+覆膜; S2N: 过晚播+补施氮肥。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图4

2020年不同处理对小麦冬前干物质积累的影响 不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

表2

2020年不同处理对小麦冬前群体生长的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 群体生长分析Population growth analysis
相对生长率
RGR (g g-1 d-1)		 群体生长率
CGR (g m-2 d-1)		 净同化率
NAR (g m-2 d-1)
中麦8号 S0 0.0600 b 4.72 a 5.02 b
Zhongmai 8 S1 0.0286 d 0.97 c 3.32 cd
S1F 0.0389 c 1.68 b 3.98 c
S1N 0.0287 d 0.97 c 2.93 d
S2 0.0313 d 0.45 d 2.82 d
S2F 0.0699 a 1.52 b 5.94 a
S2N 0.0315 d 0.49 d 3.50 cd
航麦501 S0 0.0612 a 4.70 a 4.83 b
Hangmai 501 S1 0.0374 c 1.53 bc 4.00 c
S1F 0.0389 c 1.66 b 3.81 cd
S1N 0.0342 c 1.35 cd 3.76 cd
S2 0.0259 d 0.52 e 3.12 d e
S2F 0.0549 b 1.26 d 5.55 a
S2N 0.0233 d 0.48 e 2.82 e

图5

不同处理2020年冬前叶面积指数比较 不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

图6

2020 年不同处理对小麦冬前氮素积累量的影响 不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

图7

不同处理对小麦冬前分蘖生长所需积温的影响 1-3N: 主茎第1个分蘖到主茎第3个分蘖发生过程; 3N: 主茎第3个分蘖发生过程。J: 早播; S0: 适期播种; S1: 适当晚播; S1F: 适当晚播+覆膜。"

图8

2020 年不同处理对小麦冬前叶龄的影响 图中横坐标A1、A2分别代表每个品种各处理平均值。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

表3

2020年不同处理对植株冬前叶片生长的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 叶片生长分析Leaf growth analysis
叶面积比率 LAR (cm2 g-1) 比叶面积 SLA (cm2 g-1) 叶干重比 LWR
中麦8号 S0 119.55 a 241.91 a 0.68 a
Zhongmai 8 S1 101.41 b 163.29 c 0.64 a
S1F 97.60 bc 159.10 cd 0.62 a
S1N 97.91 bc 155.80 d 0.64 a
S2 94.23 bc 149.20 e 0.64 a
S2F 117.55 a 178.39 b 0.67 a
S2N 90.10 c 147.25 e 0.62 a
航麦501 S0 126.87 a 208.23 a 0.71 a
Hangmai 501 S1 93.49 bc 161.94 c 0.61 bc
S1F 102.33 b 178.46 b 0.58 c
S1N 90.89 cd 159.16 c 0.60 bc
S2 83.07 d 130.66 d 0.64 bc
S2F 99.10 bc 158.80 c 0.65 ab
S2N 82.78 d 132.50 d 0.62 bc

图9

不同处理对小麦冬前分蘖的影响 不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

图10

2019年不同处理对小麦冬前可溶性糖含量的影响 (a)、(b)、(c)分别代表茎叶、分蘖节、根部可溶性糖含量。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。"

图11

2019年不同处理冬前分蘖数与主茎和优势蘖激素含量相关系数 O: 主茎; 1N: 主茎第1个一级分蘖; 2N: 主茎第2个一级分蘖; 3N: 主茎第3个一级分蘖; GA: 赤霉素; IAA: 生长素; ZR: 玉米素核苷。* 在0.05水平差异显著, ** 在0.01水平差异显著。"

图12

2019年不同处理下小麦苗期茎蘖叶片生长素与玉米素核苷比值与冬前分蘖数的关系 IAA/ZR为生长素与玉米素核苷的比值; n为分蘖数。J: 早播; S0: 适期播种; S1: 适当晚播; S1F: 适当晚播+覆膜。"

表4

主成分载荷矩阵"

指标
Index		 中麦8号 Zhongmai 8 航麦501 Hangmai 501
I II I II
叶面积指数LAI 0.960 0.263 0.927 0.369
比叶面积SLA -0.518 0.546 0.888 0.048
叶干重比LWR 0.529 0.729 0.424 0.624
叶面积比率LAR 0.472 0.864 0.774 0.609
相对生长率RGR 0.271 0.932 0.408 0.898
净同化率NAR 0.196 0.904 0.061 0.973
群体生长率CGR 0.912 0.408 0.860 0.503
光合势LAD 0.980 0.178 0.929 0.353
茎蘖数 Number of stem and tillers 0.954 0.290 0.930 0.349
叶龄Leaf age 0.918 0.283 0.938 0.258
氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation 0.973 0.221 0.924 0.359
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%) 71.056 20.184 79.192 13.014

表5

中麦8号不同处理主成分得分及综合评价"

处理
Treatment		 主成分得分及排名 Principal component score and rank 综合得分Z
Comprehensive scores		 综合排名
Comprehensive rank
Z1 排名Rank Z2 排名Rank
S0 5.267 1 4.884 1 5.182 1
S1 -0.858 5 -1.176 4 -0.928 5
S1F 0.054 2 -0.435 3 -0.054 3
S1N -0.683 4 -1.610 5 -0.888 4
S2 -1.764 7 -2.257 6 -1.873 6
S2F -0.271 3 3.563 2 0.577 2
S2N -1.746 6 -2.969 7 -2.016 7
权重Weight 0.779 0.221

表6

航麦501不同处理主成分得分及综合评价"

处理
Treatment		 主成分得分及排名Principal component score and ranking 综合得分Z
Comprehensive scores		 综合排名
Comprehensive rank
Z1 排名Rank Z2 排名Rank
S0 5.498 1 7.872 1 5.833 1
S1 -0.533 3 -0.741 3 -0.563 3
S1F 0.441 2 -0.446 2 0.316 2
S1N -0.731 4 -1.348 4 -0.818 5
S2 -1.791 6 -3.109 6 -1.977 6
S2F -1.056 5 1.463 5 -0.700 4
S2N -1.828 7 -3.690 7 -2.091 7
权重Weight 0.859 0.141

图13

不同处理综合得分聚类分析图"

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