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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1721-1729.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11045

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

小麦生殖发育阶段对低温的敏感性鉴定

王娟(), 刘翼, 姚丹妤, 邹景伟, 肖世和, 孙果忠()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 作物分子育种国家工程实验室, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-23 接受日期:2021-11-29 出版日期:2022-07-12 网络出版日期:2021-12-13
  • 通讯作者: 孙果忠
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0100703);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(S2020YC03);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03)

Identification on sensitivity of wheat to low temperature at reproductive stages

WANG Juan(), LIU Yi, YAO Dan-Yu, ZOU Jing-Wei, XIAO Shi-He, SUN Guo-Zhong()   

  1. National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2021-04-23 Accepted:2021-11-29 Published:2022-07-12 Published online:2021-12-13
  • Contact: SUN Guo-Zhong
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0100703);Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(S2020YC03);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)

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摘要：

由春季低温引发的倒春寒是严重威胁我国小麦生产安全的自然灾害之一。为准确评价倒春寒的危害程度与小麦植株发育阶段的关系, 本研究以春性品种中麦8444为试验材料, 在可控环境条件下, 比较了不同幼穗分化发育阶段的小麦遭受低温后的冻害症状和生长发育情况。结果表明, 小麦植株发育叶龄和幼穗分化阶段存在一定的对应关系。小麦植株的茎和叶片受冻害的程度随着温度降低和发育进程而呈现加重趋势, 株高、穗长和结实率随着温度降低和发育进程而呈现降低趋势。二棱末期(S2.25)至小花原基分化期(S3.5)、药隔期(S5)至柱头羽毛突起期(S7)是幼穗发育过程中对低温敏感性发生明显变化的两个阶段。综合茎、叶、穗等器官对低温的耐受性, 减数分裂期可以更全面地评价小麦的倒春寒抗性水平。

关键词: 小麦, 生殖发育, 低温敏感性, 减数分裂期

Abstract:

Spring freezing injury caused by the low temperature at the reproductive stage is one of the natural disasters that seriously threaten the safety of wheat production in China. Spring wheat cultivar Zhongmai 8444 was employed to accurately determine the correlation between low-temperature damage and the sensitive stages of plant development under the controlled condition. Yield loss and the symptoms of frostbite were observed when plants were treated with freezing stress during the spike differentiation stage. The results showed that the developmental leaf age is relevant to the young spike differentiation stage in wheat plants. In addition, the degree of frost damage to the stems and leaves of wheat plants increased with the decrease of temperature and the developmental processes. In contrast, the plant height, spike length, and seed setting rate declined with a decrease in temperature and developmental processes. The late double ridge phase (S2.25) to floret primordia differentiation phase (S3.5) and the anther connective tissue formation phase (S5) to stigma branches protuberance phase (S7) are the two stages that change significantly to low-temperature sensitivity during the young spike development. Based on the tolerance of stems, leaves, spikes, and other organs to low temperature, the meiotic stage can be used to comprehensively evaluate the resistance level of wheat to frost in spring.

Key words: wheat, reproductive development, sensitivity to low temperature, meiosis stage

图1

小麦苗期和抽穗期的LED光谱 A: 苗期; B: 抽穗期。"

图2

不同播期的小麦主茎叶龄 根据Zadoks decimal code判断的7个播期的小麦植株发育阶段(标尺为10 cm)。T1: 三叶一心(GS13); T2: 四叶龄(GS14); T3: 四叶一心(GS14.5); T4: 五叶一心(GS15); T5: 六叶一心(GS16); T6: 七叶龄(GS17, AD=0.5~1.0 cm); T7: 七叶龄(GS17, AD = 4~5 cm ); AD: 叶枕距。"

图3

不同播期的小麦幼穗分化阶段 根据Wadington scale判断的7个播期的小麦植株幼穗分化时期(标尺为100 μm)。T1: 二棱末期(S2.25); T2: 小花原基分化期(S3.5); T3: 雌雄蕊原基分化期(S4.25); T4: 药隔期(S5); T5: 柱头羽毛突起期(S7); T6: 柱头羽毛伸长期(S8); T7: 柱头羽毛形成期(S9)。"

图4

不同发育阶段的小麦植株对低温胁迫的冻害表现 照片为恢复常温生长36 h后拍摄, 标尺为10 cm。"

表1

穗发育过程中遭受低温胁迫引起的小麦植株冻害情况"

穗发育阶段
Developmental phase of spike		 小麦植株冻害情况 Freezing damage of wheat plants
0℃ -2.5℃ -3.5℃
二棱末期
Late double ridge		 无症状
No symptoms		 无症状
No symptoms		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
小花原基分化期
Floret primordia differentiation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
雌雄蕊原基分化期
Pistil and stamen primordia differentiation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
药隔期
Anther connective tissue formation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
柱头羽毛突起期
Stigma branches protuberance		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率44%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 44%
柱头羽毛伸长期
Stigma branches elongation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率60%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 60%
柱头羽毛形成期
Stigma branches formation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率67%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 67%

表2

低温胁迫对不同小麦幼穗分化时期的株高、穗长和结实率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 穗发育阶段
Differentiation stage of spike		 温度
Temperature
(℃)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 降幅
Percentage of reduce (%)		 穗长
Spike length (cm)		 降幅Percentage of reduce 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 降幅
Percentage of reduce (%)
CK 45.01±2.47 5.60±0.28 65.45±4.92
T1 二棱末期
Late double ridge		 0 44.36±1.74 1.44 5.33±0.68 4.82 64.62±9.93 1.27
‒2.5 43.78±3.14 2.73 5.30±0.21 5.36 63.28±9.93 3.32
‒3.5 42.98±2.22 4.51 4.53±0.30** 19.11 56.55±6.83* 13.60
T2 小花原基分化期
Floret primordum differentiation		 0 44.16±2.26 1.89 5.32±0.34 5.00 60.18±7.17 8.05
‒2.5 43.50±2.39 3.35 5.30±0.35 5.36 59.25±6.14 9.47
‒3.5 38.30±2.61** 14.91 4.48±0.66** 20.00 48.57±4.22** 25.79
T3 雌雄蕊原基分化期
Pistil and stamen
primordum differentiation		 0 43.80±2.97 2.69 5.35±0.32 4.46 58.34±2.91 10.86
‒2.5 42.34±3.69 5.93 5.38±0.40 3.93 55.95±8.40 14.51
‒3.5 36.07±4.15** 19.86 4.13±0.58** 26.25 44.02±6.52** 32.74
T4 药隔期
Anther connective tissue formation		 0 44.09±1.43 2.04 5.50±0.27 1.79 62.80±5.88 4.05
‒2.5 44.08±3.01 2.07 5.36±0.40 4.29 56.19±10.98* 14.15
‒3.5 38.08±3.51** 15.40 4.60±0.27** 17.86 46.93±2.50** 28.30
T5 柱头羽毛突起期
Stigmatic branches protuberance		 0 43.68±1.82 2.95 5.47±0.35 2.32 62.38±6.57 3.00
‒2.5 43.55±2.70 3.24 5.25±0.25 6.25 58.64±4.78 6.00
‒3.5 33.82±8.57** 24.86 5.06±0.52** 9.64 50.81±12.14**# 22.37
T6 柱头羽毛伸长期
Stigmatic branches elongating		 0 44.18±2.20 1.84 5.50±0.37 1.79 61.89±7.79 5.44
‒2.5 44.83±0.57 0.39 5.25±0.35 6.25 59.76±4.79 8.69
‒3.5 29.50±4.24** 34.46 5.10±0.28** 8.93 49.30±8.44**# 24.68
T7 柱头羽毛形成期
Stigmatic branches formation		 0 42.30±2.50* 6.00 5.19±0.43* 7.32 57.36±10.63* 12.36
‒2.5 40.25±4.53** 10.58 5.16±0.43** 7.86 50.51±2.80** 22.83
‒3.5 30.10±0.43** 33.11 4.97±0.32** 11.25 46.53±3.92**# 28.91
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