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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 981-990.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31042

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同播幅对小麦花后叶片光合特性和产量的影响

张振1(), 赵俊晔2,*(), 石玉1, 张永丽1, 于振文1   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院 / 小麦育种全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2中国农业科学院农业信息研究所 / 农业部农业信息服务技术重点实验室, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-16 接受日期:2023-04-17 出版日期:2024-04-12 网络出版日期:2023-11-13
  • 通讯作者: * 赵俊晔, E-mail: zhaojunye@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhangzhenxiaomai@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32172114);国家自然科学基金项目(31601243);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03);泰山学者工程专项经费

Effects of different sowing space on photosynthetic characteristics after anthesis and grain yield of wheat

ZHANG Zhen1(), ZHAO Jun-Ye2,*(), SHI Yu1, ZHANG Yong-Li1, YU Zhen-Wen1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Service Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2023-02-16 Accepted:2023-04-17 Published:2024-04-12 Published online:2023-11-13
  • Contact: * E-mail: zhaojunye@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172114);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601243);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03);Special funds for Taishan Scholars Project

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摘要：

为了明确不同播幅对小麦籽粒产量的影响及其形成的生理原因, 本研究于2019—2020年和2020—2021年冬小麦生长季, 在山东省济宁市兖州区小孟镇史家王子村小麦试验站大田试验条件下设置2种播幅处理: 处理1是播幅为8 cm (B1); 处理2是播幅为3 cm (B2)。研究了不同播幅对小麦光合特性、冠层光截获特性、干物质积累与转运和籽粒产量的影响。试验结果表明: B1处理开花后叶面积指数和冠层光合有效辐射截获率显著高于B2处理, 其冠层光合有效辐射透射率显著低于B2处理; B1处理开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著高于B2处理, 其胞间二氧化碳浓度显著低于B2处理; B1处理开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质在籽粒中的分配量、成熟期籽粒干物质积累量均显著高于B2处理; B1处理穗粒数、千粒重均显著高于B2处理; 与B2处理相比, B1处理的2年平均籽粒产量和光能利用率分别高6.12%和7.71%。综上所述, 播幅为8 cm的B1处理通过塑造了合理的冠层结构, 改善了开花后叶片的光合性能, 有利于开花后植株的光合物质生产, 从而获得了最高的籽粒产量和光能利用率, 为本试验条件下的最优处理。研究为小麦宽幅播种节水高产高效栽培技术提供了理论依据。

关键词: 小麦, 光合特性, 干物质积累与转运, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

In order to clarify the influence of different sowing width on wheat grain yield and its physiological causes, in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 winter wheat growing seasons, two sowing treatments were set under field test conditions at Shijiawangzi Wheat Test Station, Xiaomeng Town, Yanzhou District, Jining City, Shandong Province. Treatment 1 was 8 cm (B1); Treatment 2 is broadcast at 3 cm (B2). The effects of different sowing plots on photosynthetic characteristics, canopy light interception characteristics, dry matter accumulation and transport, and grain yield of wheat were studied. The results showed that the leaf area index and photosynthetically active radiation interception rate of B1 treatment were significantly higher than those of B2 treatment, and the photosynthetically active radiation transmittance of B1 treatment was significantly lower than that of B2 treatment. The relative chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaves under B1 treatment were significantly higher than B2 treatment, and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was significantly lower than B2 treatment. Dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity, dry matter distribution in seeds after anthesis and dry matter accumulation at maturity were significantly higher under B1 treatment than B2 treatment. The number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight of B1 treatment were significantly higher than those of B2 treatment. Compared with B2 treatment, the two-year average grain yield and light energy utilization rate of B1 treatment increased by 6.12% and 7.71%, respectively. In summary, B1 treatment with a sowing width of 8 cm can shape a reasonable canopy structure, improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves after anthesis, and facilitate the production of photosynthetic substances of plants after anthesis, thus obtaining the highest grain yield and light energy utilization rate, which is the optimal treatment under the conditions of this experiment. This research provides a theoretical basis for wide-sowing technology of wheat with water-saving, high-yield and high-efficiency.

Key words: wheat, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and transport, grain yield

图1

不同处理开花后叶面积指数 B1: 播幅为8 cm；B2: 播幅为3 cm。A, B分别表示2019-2020和2020-2021生长季开花后叶面积指数。图中所示数据均为每处理测定的3次重复, **表示不同处理在0.01概率水平差异显著。"

图2

不同处理开花后冠层光合有效辐射截获率和透射率 A, B, C, D分别表示2019-2020和2020-2021生长季光合有效辐射截获率和透射率。图中所示数据均为每处理测定的3次重复, **表示不同处理在0.01概率水平差异显著。"

图3

不同处理开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD) A, B分别表示2019-2020和2020-2021生长季开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量。图中所示数据均为每处理测定的3次重复, **表示不同处理在0.01概率水平差异显著。"

图4

不同处理开花后旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳浓度 A、C、E、G分别表示2019-2020生长季开花后旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳浓度, B、D、F、H分别表示2020-2021生长季开花后旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳浓度; 图中所示数据均为每处理测定的3次重复, *、**表示不同处理在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。"

表1

不同处理开花期和成熟期干物质积累量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation amount (kg hm-2)
开花期 Anthesis 成熟期 Maturity
2019-2020 B1 13,468.22 a 19,518.79 a
B2 12,444.63 b 18,059.69 b
2020-2021 B1 14,451.76 a 22,673.16 a
B2 13,353.42 b 20,945.94 b

表2

不同处理开花后营养器官同化物再分配量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前营养器官贮藏同化物
Pre-anthesis reserves		 开花后干物质
Post-anthesis assimilates
转运量
Translocated into
grain (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to
grain (%)		 籽粒中的分配量
Allocation to
grain (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to
grain (%)
2019-2020 B1 3283.41 a 35.18 b 6050.54 a 64.82 a
B2 3367.61 a 37.49 a 5615.06 b 62.51 a
2020-2021 B1 2152.22 a 20.75 b 8221.43 a 79.25 a
B2 2361.85 a 23.73 a 7592.52 b 76.27 a

表3

不同处理成熟期各器官干物质积累量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 成熟期干物质积累量Dry matter accumulation amounts in maturity (kg hm-2)
茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath		 叶片
Leaf		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis and glume		 籽粒
Grain
2019-2020 B1 4759.94 a 1836.29 a 3168.63 a 9753.93 a
B2 4548.33 b 1697.61 b 2831.08 b 8982.67 b
2020-2021 B1 6100.18 a 1958.16 a 3805.76 a 10,809.06 a
B2 5785.97 b 1807.63 b 3397.97 b 9954.37 b

表4

不同处理产量构成因素、籽粒产量及光能利用率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 光能转化率
PCE
(g MJ-1)		 光能利用率
PUE
(g MJ-1)
2019-2020 B1 642.73 a 38.39 a 44.25 a 9333.90 a 2.34 a 1.05 a
B2 605.45 b 37.97 a 41.51 b 8795.33 b 2.31 a 0.98 b
2020-2021 B1 660.76 a 40.99 a 47.65 a 10,343.60 a 3.15 a 1.44 a
B2 622.44 b 40.54 a 43.70 b 9746.77 b 3.10 a 1.33 b
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