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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 1065-1079.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33041

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

减量灌水及有机无机肥配施对西北灌区玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质的影响

吴霞玉(), 李盼, 韦金贵, 范虹, 何蔚, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 柴强, 殷文()   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27 接受日期:2023-10-23 出版日期:2024-04-12 网络出版日期:2023-11-17
  • 通讯作者: * 殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn.
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wuxiayu2023@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1900405);国家自然科学基金项目(32101857);国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10)

Effect of reduced irrigation and combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on photosynthetic physiology, grain yield and quality of maize in northwestern irrigation areas

WU Xia-Yu(), LI Pan, WEI Jin-Gui, FAN Hong, HE Wei, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-06-27 Accepted:2023-10-23 Published:2024-04-12 Published online:2023-11-17
  • Contact: * E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Pragram of China(2023YFD1900405);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10)

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摘要：

针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题, 通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响, 以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年, 在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计, 主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水), 副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥), 探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明, 与传统灌水(I2)相比, 减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential, LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs), 提高了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量; 有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响, 随有机肥比例增加, 有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应; 与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比, 减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index, MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%, 总光合势(total photosynthetic potential, TLAD)无显著变化; 玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%, 吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content, SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs, 降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%, 籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%, 籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响, 但综合2年结果, I1F2影响更显著。因此, 减量20%灌水(3240 m3 hm-2)结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm-2)配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm-2)是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。

关键词: 减量灌水, 有机无机肥配施, 光合生理, 籽粒产量, 品质

Abstract:

Aiming at the problems of high water and fertilizer inputs and low utilization efficiency for maize production in the Oasis irrigation areas, the effects of different irrigation levels and equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer on photosynthesis physiology, grain yield and quality of maize were investigated to obtain the optimal irrigation levels and nitrogen (N) application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer. A filed experiment was conducted with the two-factor split-plot, two irrigation levels (conventional irrigation and 20% reduced irrigation) were used in the main plot and five organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer ratios (all inorganic N fertilizer, 75% inorganic N fertilizer and 25% organic fertilizer, 50% inorganic N fertilizer and 50% organic fertilizer, 25% inorganic N fertilizer and 75% organic fertilizer, and all organic fertilizer) were used in the split-plot in order to investigate the response of maize photosynthetic physiology, grain yield, and quality to different water and nitrogen fertilizer management patterns. Compared with the conventional irrigation (I2), 20% reduction irrigation (I1) reduced maize leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (LAD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs), and increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), grain protein content, and grain threonine content; organic and inorganic fertilizers have a significant effect on maize photosynthetic physiological indicators, grain yield and quality, with the increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers, the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on maize will gradually change from a positive effect to a negative effect; compared with traditional irrigation combined with the full application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (I2F1), 20% reduction of irrigation combined with 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 25% organic fertilizer (I1F2) increased the maize mean leaf area index (MLAI) by 6.9%-7.1%, and there was no significant change in total photosynthetic potential (TLAD), and the LAI of I1F2 was increased by 5.0%-11.4% from silking to doughing in maize, and LAD was increased by 7.5%-9.1% from silking to doughing. I1F2 increased chlorophyll content (SPAD), Pn, Tr, and Gs, and decreased Ci in maize from tasseling to doughing compared with I2F1. Compared with I2F1, I1F2 increased grain yield by 12.0%-12.5% in maize, increased grain protein content by 6.9%-18.9%, and Phe, Lys, Thr, Trp, Leu, Ile, and Val contents of grain in maize were increased by 29.6%-43.3%, 77.7%-93.3%, 49.7%-51.5%, 18.4%-28.6%, 39.5%-46.0%, 57.4%-78.1%, and 35.1%-41.3%, respectively. Other treatments also had some effects on maize photosynthetic physiology, seed yield and quality indexes, but the combined two-year results showed that the effects of I1F2 were more significant. Therefore, the 20% reduction in irrigation (3240 m3 hm-2) combined with 75% inorganic chemical N fertilizer (270 kg hm-2) and 25% organic fertilizer (90 kg hm-2) treatment was an appropriate water and N management model to achieve high yield and quality of maize production in the northwestern irrigation areas.

Key words: reduced irrigation, organic and inorganic fertilizer application, photosynthetic physiology, grain yield, quality

图1

2021年和2022年试验区玉米生长季降水量及日平均温度"

表1

各试验处理灌水量及施肥量"

处理
Treatment		 灌水量
Irrigation volume
(m3 hm-2)		 施氮量Nitrogen application amount (kg hm-2) P2O5
(kg hm-2)
有机氮肥
Organic nitrogen fertilizer		 无机化学氮肥
Inorganic chemical nitrogen fertilizer
I1F1 3240 0 360 180
I1F2 3240 90 270 180
I1F3 3240 180 180 180
I1F4 3240 270 90 180
I1F5 3240 360 0 180
I2F1 4050 0 360 180
I2F2 4050 90 270 180
I2F3 4050 180 180 180
I2F4 4050 270 90 180
I2F5 4050 360 0 180

图2

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例下玉米全生育期平均叶面积指数 I1、I2、F1、F2、F3、F4和F5分别表示减量20%灌水、传统灌水、全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05概率水平差异显著(P<0.05)。"

图3

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例下玉米全生育期叶面积指数动态 处理同图2。"

表2

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例对玉米全生育期光合势的影响"

年份
Year		 灌水水平
Irrigation
level		 有机无机肥等
氮配施比例
Equal nitrogen application
ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer		 拔节期-小喇叭口期
Jointing-
Trumpeting		 小喇叭口期-
大喇叭口期
Trumpeting-
Big flare		 大喇叭口期-抽雄期
Big flare-
Tasseling		 抽雄期-
吐丝期
Tasseling-
Silking		 吐丝期-
灌浆期
Silking-
Filling		 灌浆期-
蜡熟期
Filling-
Doughing		 总和
Total
2021 I1 F1 15.3 a 41.1 a 82.9 c 97.5 bcd 115.8 cd 86.6 de 439.3 c
F2 12.0 c 38.2 b 85.7 bc 103.3 a 125.3 a 94.3 a 458.8 b
F3 11.6 cd 35.3 cd 84.1 c 103.3 a 121.3 ab 91.2 b 446.8 c
F4 10.6 de 34.1 d 76.0 de 94.2 de 118.1 bcd 88.0 cd 420.9 d
F5 9.7 e 32.1 e 73.8 e 92.5 de 113.1 d 85.1 e 406.4 e
I2 F1 15.5 a 42.0 a 87.8 ab 100.5 ab 114.8 cd 87.7 cd 448.3 c
F2 14.7 ab 41.2 a 89.3 a 105.0 a 124.2 a 94.3 a 468.7 a
F3 13.7 b 38.5 b 82.6 c 99.7 abc 120.7 ab 91.3 b 446.5 c
F4 12.6 c 36.4 cd 78.6 d 95.2 cde 116.8 bcd 88.5 bc 428.1 d
F5 10.8 de 34.8 d 76.1 de 91.6 e 112.1 de 85.5 de 410.8 e
2022 I1 F1 14.8 ab 41.2 a 84.0 b 98.7 cde 116.3 c 86.5 de 441.5 c
F2 12.5 c 37.7 b 85.4 b 104.3 ab 124.9 a 94.1 a 459.0 b
F3 11.0 d 34.5 cd 84.5 b 104.3 ab 120.1 b 91.0 b 445.4 c
F4 10.6 d 33.6 de 76.1 d 95.4 de 118.9 b 90.2 b 424.8 d
F5 9.4 e 32.0 e 73.6 e 92.6 e 113.7 d 85.9 e 407.2 e
I2 F1 15.0 a 42.1 a 89.1 a 101.3 abc 115.4 c 87.5 cd 450.4 bc
F2 15.0 a 41.9 a 90.6 a 106.3 a 125.0 a 94.7 a 473.5 a
F3 14.2 b 39.3 b 84.0 b 100.6 bcd 120.2 b 90.8 b 449.0 c
F4 12.1 c 35.8 cd 79.2 c 97.0 cde 116.3 c 87.9 c 428.2 d
F5 10.4 d 33.4 de 75.5 d 92.8 e 111.7 e 85.6 e 409.3 e
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y) NS NS * ** NS NS NS
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** NS * NS NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Equal nitrogen application ratio of
organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)
年份×灌水水平 Y×I NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例I×F ** ** ** ** * NS NS
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×I×F NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

图4

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例对玉米主要生育时期SPAD影响 处理同图2。"

图5

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例对玉米主要生育时期光合特性的影响 处理同图2。"

图6

玉米产量对不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例的响应 处理同图2。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05概率水平差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例对玉米籽粒灰分、蛋白、脂肪及淀粉含量的影响"

年份
Year		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 有机无机肥等氮配施比例
Equal nitrogen application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer		 灰分含量
Ash (%)		 蛋白含量
Protein (%)		 脂肪含量
Fat (%)		 淀粉含量
Starch (%)
2021 I1 F1 1.2 a 8.2 a 3.7 ab 65.2 bc
F2 1.2 a 8.1 a 3.6 abc 65.4 bc
F3 1.2 a 7.3 ab 3.5 abc 66.3 abc
F4 1.2 a 6.4 b 3.6 abc 67.3 a
F5 1.2 a 7.4 ab 3.4 bc 66.0 abc
I2 F1 1.2 a 7.5 ab 3.2 c 66.0 abc
F2 1.2 a 7.0 ab 3.8 a 66.3 abc
F3 1.2 a 7.2 ab 3.6 abc 66.2 abc
F4 1.2 a 7.9 a 3.7 ab 64.6 c
F5 1.2 a 7.8 a 3.5 abc 65.4 bc
2022 I1 F1 1.2 a 6.3 bc 3.3 bc 67.5 cd
F2 1.2 a 6.9 a 3.2 c 67.3 d
F3 1.2 a 6.9 a 3.4 bc 67.3 d
F4 1.2 a 6.6 ab 3.7 a 67.3 d
F5 1.2 a 6.7 ab 3.3 bc 67.5 cd
I2 F1 1.2 a 5.8 d 3.3 bc 68.3 a
F2 1.2 a 6.5 abc 3.1 d 68.0 abc
F3 1.2 a 6.0 cd 3.3 bc 68.0 abc
F4 1.2 a 6.8 ab 3.3 bc 67.7 bc
F5 1.2 a 6.8 ab 3.3 bc 67.7 bc
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y) NS ** ** **
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) NS * NS NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例 NS NS * NS
Equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)
年份×灌水水平 Y×I NS NS NS **
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F NS NS * NS
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 I×F NS NS NS **
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×I×F NS NS ** *

表4

不同灌水量及有机无机肥等氮配施比例对玉米籽粒必需氨基酸含量的影响"

年份Year 灌水水平Irrigation level 有机无机肥等氮配施比例Equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer 苯丙氨酸
Phe
(mg kg-1)		 甲硫氨酸Mel
(mg kg-1)		 赖氨酸
Lys
(mg kg-1)		 苏氨酸
Thr
(mg kg-1)		 色氨酸
Trp
(mg kg-1)		 亮氨酸
Leu
(mg kg-1)		 异亮氨酸
Ile
(mg kg-1)		 缬氨酸
Val
(mg kg-1)
2021 I1 F1 27.2 e 37.0 e 158.1 f 33.6 f 5.9 c 15.3 de 7.6 f 14.0 d
F2 43.5 a 42.7 d 302.5 c 49.7 a 8.1 b 22.5 a 18.0 a 20.7 a
F3 44.3 a 59.5 b 327.1 b 43.3 bc 10.5 a 21.9 ab 16.9 ab 15.9 c
F4 38.6 b 35.0 e 260.1 d 41.3 bc 7.6 b 16.5 d 12.9 cd 15.7 c
F5 33.8 c 52.0 c 173.6 f 36.1 de 7.2 bc 15.1 de 13.8 c 15.5 c
2021 I2 F1 30.3 d 43.2 d 170.2 f 33.2 f 6.8 bc 15.4 de 10.1 e 15.3 c
F2 39.1 b 41.1 d 300.6 c 43.6 b 7.7 b 19.5 c 16.5 ab 19.5 b
F3 38.1 b 64.0 a 357.9 a 42.7 bc 9.9 a 20.5 bc 15.5 b 20.8 a
F4 39.1 b 32.4 f 217.9 e 39.6 cd 7.9 b 15.3 de 11.6 de 15.9 c
F5 32.3 cd 53.5 c 168.9 f 36.3 de 7.1 bc 14.0 e 12.4 cd 15.6 c
2022 I1 F1 30.6 d 40.7 e 167.7 f 32.7 f 6.5 d 15.4 d 10.9 d 13.9 f
F2 41.3 a 43.0 d 320.6 c 49.7 a 7.6 b 22.0 a 17.0 a 19.4 b
F3 39.2 b 57.6 b 358.9 b 42.8 b 10.6 a 20.9 b 15.5 b 20.8 a
F4 36.6 c 32.6 g 254.2 d 40.9 c 7.6 b 17.8 c 12.7 c 15.9 c
F5 32.0 d 52.5 c 186.5 f 36.6 e 7.3 bc 14.4 e 13.2 c 15.3 de
I2 F1 31.9 d 42.6 d 165.8 f 32.8 f 5.9 e 15.8 d 10.8 d 13.7 f
F2 39.8 ab 39.6 e 320.0 c 42.8 b 7.6 b 21.5 ab 16.5 a 19.0 b
F3 36.7 c 62.5 a 383.6 a 40.2 cd 10.3 a 20.8 b 15.4 b 20.5 a
F4 35.8 c 37.6 f 225.6 e 39.1 d 7.6 b 17.7 c 11.5 d 15.8 cd
F5 32.6 d 52.5 c 181.0 f 35.6 e 7.1 c 14.0 e 12.6 c 15.3 e
显著性 (P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y) ** NS ** NS NS NS NS NS
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) ** ** NS ** NS ** ** NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Equal nitrogen application ratios of
organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)
年份×灌水水平 Y×I NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F ** ** * NS NS * ** **
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 I×F ** ** ** ** NS NS ** **
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 * ** NS NS NS NS * **
Y×I×F

图7

不同处理下玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和籽粒品质的相关分析 MLAI、TLAD、SPAD、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、GY、CP、EE、ST、Phe、Thr和Leu分别表示平均叶面积指数、总光合势、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、籽粒产量、蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸和亮氨酸。**与*分别表示在0.01和0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图8

不同处理下玉米籽粒产量和品质及光合生理指标的主成分分析 缩写同图7。"

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