作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 1065-1079.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33041
吴霞玉(), 李盼, 韦金贵, 范虹, 何蔚, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 柴强, 殷文()
WU Xia-Yu(), LI Pan, WEI Jin-Gui, FAN Hong, HE Wei, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen()
摘要:
针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题, 通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响, 以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年, 在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计, 主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水), 副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥), 探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明, 与传统灌水(I2)相比, 减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential, LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs), 提高了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量; 有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响, 随有机肥比例增加, 有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应; 与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比, 减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index, MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%, 总光合势(total photosynthetic potential, TLAD)无显著变化; 玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%, 吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content, SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs, 降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%, 籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%, 籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响, 但综合2年结果, I1F2影响更显著。因此, 减量20%灌水(3240 m3 hm-2)结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm-2)配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm-2)是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。
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