行距和种植方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31071

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (9): 2396-2407.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31071

行距和种植方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

张振(), 何建宁, 石玉^*(), 于振文, 张永丽

山东农业大学农学院 / 小麦育种全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018

收稿日期:2023-11-22 接受日期:2024-04-01 出版日期:2024-09-12 网络出版日期:2024-04-30
通讯作者: *石玉, E-mail: shiyu@sdau.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: zhangzhenxiaomai@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(32172114);财政部与农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-18);泰山学者专项经费资助

Effects of row spacing and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat

ZHANG Zhen(), HE Jian-Ning, SHI Yu^*(), YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li

College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’ an 271018, Shandong, China

Received:2023-11-22 Accepted:2024-04-01 Published:2024-09-12 Published online:2024-04-30
Contact: *E-mail: shiyu@sdau.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172114);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-18);Special funds for Taishan Scholars Project

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究不同行距对宽幅精播小麦产量和干物质积累与转运的影响, 阐明其高产高效的生理机制, 给宽幅精播技术在黄淮海平原的进一步推广提供理论依据和技术支撑, 于2017—2019小麦生长季, 以‘济麦22’为试验材料, 在20 cm (R1)、25 cm (R2)和30 cm (R3) 3个行距下, 设置宽幅精播(K)和常规条播(T)两种种植方式, 分析不同行距下宽幅精播种植与常规条播种植对小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配和旗叶¹³C同化物分配特性差异。结果表明: 在相同种植方式下, R2处理下小麦的旗叶净光合速率, 开花期和成熟期干物质积累量, 花后干物质在籽粒中的分配量和贡献率, 籽粒产量均显著高于行距R1和R3处理; 在R2行距下, K处理灌浆期叶面积指数、光合有效辐射截获率和开花后14、21和28 d旗叶净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著高于T处理, 两年度K处理通过增加穗数和粒重使得籽粒产量较T处理提高8.67%; ¹³C示踪结果显示, R2K处理旗叶¹³C同化物在籽粒的分配量和分配比例显著高于其他处理; R2K处理开花期和成熟期干物质积累量和单茎质量、开花后干物质向籽粒的分配量和对籽粒的贡献率最高, 均显著高于其他处理, 获得了最高的籽粒产量。综上所述, 行距25 cm、宽幅精播种植方式是本试验条件下小麦高产高效的最佳种植模式。

关键词: 宽幅精播, 光合特性, 干物质, ¹³C同化物积累与分配, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

To study the effects of different row spacings on wheat yield and dry matter accumulation and transport under wide-precision planting technology, clarify the physiological mechanism of high yield and high efficiency, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further promotion of wide-precision planting technology in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, two planting methods of wide-precision planting (K) and conventional drilling (T) were set up with ‘Jimai 22’ as the experimental material under three row spacings of 20 cm (R1), 25 cm (R2) and 30 cm (R3) in the wheat growth season of 2017-2019. The differences of photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and ¹³C assimilation distribution characteristics of wheat flag leaves between wide precision sowing and conventional drilling planting under different row spacing were analyzed. The results showed that under the same planting method, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity, the distribution and contribution rate of dry matter in grain after anthesis, and grain yield of wheat under R2 treatment were significantly higher than those under R1 and R3 treatments. Under R2 row spacing, the leaf area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception rate at filling stage and the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of flag leaves at 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering in K treatment were significantly higher than those in T treatment. In the two years, K treatment increased grain yield by 8.67% compared with T treatment by increasing panicle number and grain weight. The results of ¹³C tracing showed that the distribution amount and proportion of ¹³C assimilates in flag leaves of R2K treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The dry matter accumulation and single stem weight at anthesis and maturity stages, the distribution of dry matter to grains after flowering and the contribution rate to grains were the highest in R2K treatment, which were significantly higher than other treatments, and the highest grain yield was obtained. In summary, the planting pattern of 25 cm row spacing and wide precision sowing is the best planting pattern for high yield and high efficiency of wheat under the conditions of this experiment.

Key words: wide precision broadcast, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter, ¹³C assimilate accumulation and distribution, grain yield

张振, 何建宁, 石玉, 于振文, 张永丽. 行距和种植方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(9): 2396-2407.

ZHANG Zhen, HE Jian-Ning, SHI Yu, YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li. Effects of row spacing and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(9): 2396-2407.

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生长季 Growth season	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total nitrogen	碱解氮 Available nitrogen	速效磷 Available phosphorus	速效钾 Available potassium
2017-2018	14.13	1.18	117.62	41.93	116.45
2018-2019	14.56	1.09	117.32	42.11	113.18

生长季 Growing season	处理 Treatment	开花前营养器官贮藏同化物Pre-anthesis reserves		开花后干物质Post-anthesis assimilates
生长季 Growing season	处理 Treatment	转运量 Translocation (kg hm^-2)	对籽粒贡献率 Contribution to grain (%)	同化量 Accumulation (kg hm^-2)	对籽粒贡献率 Contribution to grain (%)
2017-2018	R1K	2485±49.70 a	33.60±1.34 a	4911±98.22 c	66.40±1.33 c
	R1T	2483±45.30 a	33.65±1.35 a	4895±97.90 c	66.35±1.32 c
	R2K	2322±46.44 a	26.61±1.06 c	6403±128.06 a	73.39±1.47 a
	R2T	2474±43.54 a	30.81±1.23 b	5555±111.10 b	69.19±1.38 b
	R3K	2451±47.02 a	30.65±1.22 b	5545±103.90 b	69.35±1.39 b
	R3T	2446±45.90 a	34.90±1.40 a	4562±91.24 d	65.10±1.30 c
2018-2019	R1K	2552±38.28 a	31.60±1.26 a	5523±110.46 c	68.40±1.37 c
	R1T	2533±38.99 a	31.62±1.27 a	5477±108.54 c	68.38±1.34 c
	R2K	2337±35.06 c	24.74±0.99 c	7108±142.16 a	75.26±1.51 a
	R2T	2453±36.78 b	27.89±1.12 b	6342±126.84 b	72.11±1.44 b
	R3K	2424±34.53 b	27.93±1.04 b	6256±123.12 b	72.07±1.41 b
	R3T	2430±32.45 b	31.79±1.24 a	5215±104.30 d	68.21±1.36 c

生长季Growing season	处理 Treatment	总量 Total (g hm^‒2)	分配量 Distribution amount (g hm^‒2)				分配比例 Distribution ratio (%)
生长季Growing season	处理 Treatment	总量 Total (g hm^‒2)	叶 Leaf	茎杆+叶鞘 Stem+Sheath	穗轴+颖壳 Spike axis+Glume	籽粒 Grain	叶 Leaf	茎杆+叶鞘 Stem+Sheath	穗轴+颖壳 Spike axis+Glume	籽粒 Grain
2017-2018	R1K	1935±39 c	126.1±2.5 b	213.2±4.3 b	97.6±1.5 b	1498±30 c	6.52±0.13 a	11.02±0.22 a	5.04±0.10 a	77.42±1.55 c
	R1T	1914±38 c	124.7±2.5 b	211.5±4.2 b	97.4±1.5 b	1481±29 c	6.52±0.12 a	11.05±0.21 a	5.09±0.09 a	77.35±1.54 c
	R2K	3046±61 a	136.1±2.7 a	230.0±4.6 a	106.5±3.5 a	2573±51 a	4.47±0.09 c	7.55±0.15 c	3.50±0.07 c	84.48±1.69 a
	R2T	2428±49 b	132.3±2.6 a	227.9±4.5 a	103.1±4.2 a	1965±39 b	5.45±0.11 b	9.38±0.19 b	4.24±0.08 b	80.93±1.62 b
	R3K	2413±43 b	132.4±2.5 a	226.3±4.1 a	102.5±4.1 a	1952±38 b	5.49±0.10 b	9.38±0.18 b	4.25±0.08 b	80.88±1.60 b
	R3T	1787±46 d	118.3±2.4 c	198.4±3.9 c	91.9±1.4 c	1378±28 d	6.62±0.13 a	11.10±0.22 a	5.14±0.10 a	77.13±1.54 c
2018-2019	R1K	2285±46 c	148.0±3.0 b	237.7±4.8 b	104.7±2.0 b	1794±36 c	6.48±0.13 a	10.40±0.21 a	4.58±0.09 a	78.53±1.57 c
	R1T	2267±45 c	147.3±2.9 b	236.9±4.7 b	104.6±2.1 b	1779±36 c	6.50±0.13 a	10.45±0.20 a	4.61±0.08 a	78.44±1.51 c
	R2K	3557±71 a	159.0±3.1 a	254.6±5.1 a	112.1±2.2 a	3031±61 a	4.47±0.09 c	7.16±0.14 c	3.15±0.06 c	85.22±1.70 a
	R2T	2865±57 b	155.4±3.1 a	249.0±5.0 a	109.5±2.2 a	2351±47 b	5.42±0.11 b	8.69±0.17 b	3.82±0.07 b	82.06±1.64 b
	R3K	2841±56 b	154.6±3.1 a	248.1±4.7 a	109.1±2.1 a	2329±46 b	5.44±0.10 b	8.73±0.16 b	3.84±0.07 b	81.99±1.46 b
	R3T	2093±42 d	136.1±2.7 c	218.9±4.4 c	97.2±1.9 c	1641±33 d	6.50±013 a	10.46±0.21 a	4.65±0.09 a	78.39±1.57 c

生长季 Growth season	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴spike hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number (kernels spike^-1)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
2017-2018	R1K	7396±148 c	644±13 a	33.81±0.68 b	40.69±0.81 c
	R1T	7378±147 c	641±13 a	33.94±0.67 b	40.58±0.80 c
	R2K	8725±175 a	630±13 a	36.57±0.73 a	45.18±0.90 a
	R2T	8029±161 b	606±12 b	36.55±0.70 a	43.15±0.86 b
	R3K	7996±159 b	605±12 b	36.53±0.72 a	43.13±0.82 b
	R3T	7008±140 d	570±11 c	36.54±0.71 a	40.34±0.81 c
2018-2019	R1K	8075±162 c	693±14 a	37.52±0.75 b	37.28±0.75 c
	R1T	8010±160 c	691±14 a	37.39±0.74 b	37.26±0.72 c
	R2K	9445±189 a	679±14 a	40.01±0.80 a	41.61±0.83 a
	R2T	8795±176 b	651±13 b	40.39±0.81 a	39.79±0.80 b
	R3K	8680±174 b	650±13 b	40.21±0.78 a	39.77±0.79 b
	R3T	7645±153 d	607±12 c	40.48±0.81 a	37.25±0.74 c

行距和种植方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

Effects of row spacing and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat

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