增密减肥处理对籼型杂交稻产量及生长发育的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32051

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究增密减肥对水稻地上部干物质积累、产量等的影响, 在2021—2022年, 采用有序机抛技术, 设置3种移栽密度, 低密度(low density, LD)、中密度(medium density, MD)和高密度(high density, HD)分别为18万株 hm^-2、22万株 hm^-2和27万株 hm^-2, 设置3种施肥量水平, 低肥料(low fertility, LF)、中肥料(medium fertility, MF)和高肥料(high fertility, HF)分别为450 kg hm^-2、525 kg hm^-2和675 kg hm^-2进行大田试验。结果表明: 中密中肥(medium density and medium fertilizer, MDMF)处理的产量最高, 与低密高肥(low density and high fertilizer, LDHF)相比, MDMF处理的产量2年平均增幅3.15%, 显著增加了有效穗数, 稳定了其他产量因素, 但收获指数增幅不高, 甚至降低。齐穗期前高密高肥(high density and high fertilizer, HDHF)处理的地上部干物质量最高, 2年平均增幅0.17%, 齐穗后MDMF处理的地上部干物质量最高, 2年平均增幅0.16%。MDMF处理在各生育时期的叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、叶绿素相对含量(soil and plant analyzer development, SPAD)与LDHF处理相差不大, 但MDMF处理的SPAD衰减率和LAI衰减率维持在较高水平, 2021年和2022年MDMF处理条件下水稻SPAD衰减率分别为12.65%和16.85%, LAI衰减率分别为6.42%和6.74%。随着移栽密度和肥料的增加水稻分蘖数增加。由以上可知, 适当的增密减肥可增加有效穗数, 构造较高的群体结构和地上部干物质量, 增加齐穗期至成熟期籼型杂交稻群体光合物质的生产及转运能力, 保持了源的稳定, 增加了产量库容量而获得高产, 籼型杂交稻生产上宜采用栽插密度为22万株 hm^-2和施肥量为525 kg hm^-2的组合。

关键词: 籼型杂交稻, 移栽密度, 肥料, 产量, 干物质积累

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of increased planting density and reduced fertilizer application on the biological traits, accumulation of dry matter, and yield of rice, this study employed three transplanting densities: low density (LD), medium density (MD), and high density (HD) with 18×10⁴, 22×10⁴, and 27×10⁴ plants hm^-2, respectively. Three fertilizer application levels were also set: low fertility (LF), medium fertility (MF), and high fertility (HF) with rates of 450, 525, and 675 kg hm^-2, respectively. Field experiments were conducted using sequential machine throwing technology during the period from 2021 to 2022. The results demonstrated that the medium density and medium fertilizer (MDMF) treatment exhibited the highest yield. Compared to the low density and high fertilizer (LDHF) treatment, the yield of MDMF treatment increased by 3.15% on average in two years. This treatment significantly increased the effective panicle number and stabilized other yield factors. However, there was no significant increase, and possibly a negative effect, on the harvest index. Prior to full heading, the shoot dry matter treated with high density and high fertilizer (HDHF) exhibited the highest quality, with an average increase of 0.17% over two years. On the other hand, the shoot dry matter treated with MDMF showed the highest quality after full heading, with an average increase of 0.16%. The leaf area index (LAI) and soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values of the MDMF treatment did not differ significantly from those of the LDHF treatment at each growth stage. However, the SPAD attenuation rate and LAI attenuation rate of the MDMF treatment remained consistently high. The SPAD attenuation rates were 12.65% and 16.85%, respectively, and the decay rates of LAI were 6.42% and 6.74%, respectively. The number of rice tillers increased with higher transplanting density and fertilizer application. In summary, appropriate densification and fertilizer reduction can increase the number of effective panicles, establish a more robust population structure and aboveground dry matter weight, enhance the production and transport capacity of indica hybrid rice from the full heading stage to the mature stage, maintain source stability, improve yield potential, and achieve high yields. The recommended combination for the production of indica hybrid rice is a planting density of 22×10⁴ plants hm^-2 and a fertilizer application rate of 525 kg hm^-2.

Key words: indica hybrid rice, transplanting density, fertilization, yield, accumulation of dry matter

卢建祥, 高倩文, 高志强, 阳会兵, 文双雅, 石楠, 胡文瑞, 金宇豪, 陈龙, 刘芸, 曹正邓渊. 增密减肥处理对籼型杂交稻产量及生长发育的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(10): 2586-2598.

LU Jian-Xiang, GAO Qian-Wen, GAO Zhi-Qiang, YANG Hui-Bing, WEN Shuang-Ya, SHI Nan, HU Wen-Rui, JIN Yu-Hao, CHEN Long, LIU Yun, CAO Zheng-Deng-Yuan. Effect of high-density planting and fertilizer reduction on yield and growth and development of indica hybrid rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(10): 2586-2598.

图/表 7

图1

表1

不同处理对杂交稻产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (panicle m^-2)	每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index
2021	LDHF	284.21±5.12 bcd	179.49±3.12 d	83.08±0.51 ab	24.25±0.75 abc	9.58±0.19 bc	0.51±0.02 c
	LDMF	271.99±24.88 d	197.64±2.34 b	78.62±0.50 d	23.11±0.67 cd	8.94±0.64 cd	0.52±0.04 abc
	LDLF	221.04±3.96 f	217.37±5.16 a	81.46±1.06 bc	23.76±0.44 bcd	8.41±0.15 d	0.57±0.02 a
	MDHF	302.71±3.94 ab	168.98±7.51 e	83.54±0.51 a	25.09±0.17 a	9.87±0.52 ab	0.49±0.02 c
	MDMF	305.44±8.76 a	170.58±4.85 e	84.21±0.26 a	24.92±0.31 ab	10.28±0.23 a	0.51±0.02 bc
	MDLF	265.25±4.96 d	198.70±3.25 b	84.82±1.54 a	22.73±0.12 d	9.31±0.40 bc	0.57±0.03 ab
	HDHF	292.97±10.58 abc	173.92±1.94 de	80.31±0.55 cd	25.44±1.48 a	9.50±0.26 bc	0.49±0.01 c
	HDMF	274.59±5.98 cd	188.64±7.36 c	78.74±0.91 d	24.49±0.12 ab	9.42±0.37 bc	0.54±0.02 abc
	HDLF	246.10±5.20 e	205.51±4.98 b	75.75±1.75 e	24.56±0.34 ab	8.49±0.34 d	0.53±0.02 abc
2022	LDHF	278.52±8.49 bc	188.66±1.13 cd	85.55±0.34 a	23.33±0.56 ab	9.63±0.21 abc	0.57±0.02 a
	LDMF	237.58±4.20 d	196.3±12.27 bc	85.47±4.84 a	23.77±0.53 a	8.74±0.51 cde	0.54±0.05 a
	LDLF	217.88±4.66 e	204.21±3.87 ab	81.69±0.88 a	22.96±0.41 ab	7.80±0.62 e	0.55±0.15 a
	MDHF	289.11±2.69 b	186.28±7.99 cd	83.31±2.72 a	24.24±0.97 a	9.85±0.69 ab	0.58±0.07 a
	MDMF	309.33±7.05 a	179.91±8.25 d	85.56±2.92 a	22.95±0.96 ab	10.10±0.16 a	0.55±0.05 a
	MDLF	236.30±13.40 d	200.18±8.44 abc	85.68±6.70 a	22.09±1.75 b	8.50±1.12 de	0.55±0.13 a
	HDHF	286.22±4.29 b	191.61±7.71 bcd	84.70±5.18 a	23.10±0.03 ab	9.76±0.56 abc	0.58±0.10 a
	HDMF	267.41±12.49 c	194.43±10.06 bcd	81.12±5.05 a	22.86±0.71 ab	8.96±0.32 bcd	0.54±0.08 a
	HDLF	221.82±10.32 e	213.74±6.63 a	79.01±1.06 a	22.66±0.45 ab	8.11±0.12 de	0.51±0.01 a
方差分析ANOVA
移栽密度 Density (D)		**	**	**	NS	**	NS
施肥量 Fertilizer (F)		**	**	NS	**	**	NS
D×F		*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

表1

表2

不同处理对地上部干物质量的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Middle tillering stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	齐穗期 Full heading stage	灌浆中期 Mid-filling stage	乳熟期 Milk ripening stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2021	LDHF	2.92±0.27 c	7.83±1.44 a	11.70±0.66 a	14.66±2.04 ab	16.56±0.78 b	18.97±0.56 b
	LDMF	2.53±0.25 cd	7.17±1.67 a	10.99±0.59 ab	12.50±1.29 bc	13.84±1.08 bc	17.24±0.13 cd
	LDLF	1.95±0.17 e	5.00±0.29 b	9.10±0.37 c	10.38±1.30 c	11.75±0.19 c	14.70±0.38 f
	MDHF	4.55±0.18 a	8.00±0.76 a	11.79±2.01 a	15.29±3.38 ab	16.89±0.62 b	20.18±1.17 a
	MDMF	3.70±0.41 b	7.95±0.22 a	11.20±0.51 ab	17.26±2.54 a	19.05±0.75 a	20.33±1.21 a
	MDLF	2.03±0.06 e	6.54±0.91 ab	9.87±0.35 bc	12.13±1.07 bc	12.69±1.95 c	16.30±0.43 de
	HDHF	4.94±0.35 a	8.21±0.59 a	11.89±0.44 a	15.10±0.97 ab	16.78±0.40 b	19.30±0.19 ab
	HDMF	2.55±0.27 cd	7.49±1.35 a	11.25±0.40 ab	13.25±0.79 bc	15.05±0.22 ab	17.55±0.13 c
	HDLF	2.27±0.06 de	7.40±0.24 a	9.98±0.55 bc	11.98±2.37 bc	12.51±2.22 c	15.90±0.17 e
2022	LDHF	2.47±0.08 abc	8.71±0.71 a	11.42±1.48 ab	13.20±1.96 abc	13.74±1.65 b	16.94±1.03 a
	LDMF	2.22±0.14 bc	8.08±0.55 a	11.03±1.53 ab	12.61±1.34 bc	14.34±0.46 b	16.13±1.10 a
	LDLF	2.13±0.22 c	7.20±1.26 a	9.82±2.10 b	11.12±1.18 c	13.72±1.11 b	14.78±3.50 a
	MDHF	2.58±0.21 ab	8.95±1.21 a	11.62±1.19 ab	14.76±1.80 ab	17.14±0.80 a	17.29±2.71 a
	MDMF	2.37±0.12 abc	8.31±0.48 a	11.31±0.65 ab	16.03±1.94 a	16.99±0.31 a	18.57±1.38 a
	MDLF	2.14±0.21 c	7.33±0.91 a	9.86±1.42 b	12.59±0.43 bc	13.79±0.15 b	15.69±2.18 a
	HDHF	2.68±0.35 a	9.17±1.89 a	13.18±0.55 a	14.16±0.57 ab	16.72±1.90 a	17.02±2.47 a
	HDMF	2.40±0.15 abc	8.39±0.97 a	11.39±2.14 ab	13.52±1.86 abc	14.59±0.66 b	16.69±1.62 a
	HDLF	2.17±0.13 c	7.79±0.34 a	11.16±1.04 ab	12.15±1.83 bc	13.25±1.30 b	16.06±0.23 a
方差分析ANOVA
移栽密度Density (D)		*	NS	NS	**	**	*
施肥量Fertilizer (F)		**	**	**	**	**	**
D×F		NS	NS	NS	NS	**	NS

表2

表3

不同处理对水稻叶片SPAD值的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Middle tillering stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	齐穗期 Full heading stage	灌浆中期 Mid-filling stage	乳熟期 Milk ripening stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	SPAD衰减率 SPAD decay rate (%)
2021	LDHF	37.08±1.37 abcde	42.93±0.44 a	44.35±0.56 bcde	44.54±0.99 a	42.33±0.43 a	36.48±0.49 ab	4.57±3.38 c
	LDMF	35.59±1.68 cde	40.86±0.39 abc	41.9±0.43 fg	42.09±1.57 abc	41.48±0.52 ab	37.53±0.6 a	4.34±6.09 c
	LDLF	35.16±1.47 de	39.95±0.53 abcdef	40.51±1.16 g	41.68±1.15 abcd	39.45±2.81 bcd	34.57±0.53 ab	12.37±1.76bc
	MDHF	39.56±0.38 a	40.19±0.24 abcde	43.57±0.82 bcdef	43.48±2.04 ab	40.55±1.91 abc	33.69±3.47bc	10.45±7.78 c
	MDMF	37.01±1.04 abcde	40.84±0.97 cdef	41.34±0.82f g	41.51±1.28 cdefg	40.29±1.76 cde	34.46±2.62 ab	12.65±3.8 bc
	MDLF	34.71±1.51 e	36.94±0.48 f	41.01±1.2 g	37.69±1.66 efgh	37.18±0.31 de	27.51±1.93d	27.27±4.72 a
	HDHF	39.37±0.93 a	41.28±0.45 abc	44.65±0.61 abcd	43.91±1.48 ab	40.86±0.27 abc	35.3±1.91 ab	7.04±4.4 c
	HDMF	39.27±1.08 ab	38.01±0.9 def	42.83±1.44 cdefg	38.91±0.89 defgh	38.22±0.56 cde	30.76±1.19 c	20.69±2.75 ab
	HDLF	36.07±2.13 cde	37.1±0.57 ef	41.74±0.45 fg	35.53±0.76 cdefg	33.97±1.36 f	36.1±1.63 ab	9.08±5.3 c
2022	LDHF	38.08±2.03 abcd	40.05±1.99 abcdef	45.85±0.54 ab	41.41±1.6 bcdef	40.02±0.77 abc	34.32±0.83 cd	16.94±5.63 a
	LDMF	37.84±0.33 abcd	40.03±1.64 abcdef	45.81±1.15 ab	38.9±1.25 defgh	38.62±1.12 cde	37.42±0.54 ab	3.73±2.93 bc
	LDLF	37.43±1.8 abcde	39.6±0.69 bcdef	42.08±1.07 efg	38.7±0.81 efgh	38.49±0.72 cde	34.19±1.13 cd	11.59±4.8 ab
	MDHF	38.41±1.16 abc	41.83±3.76 ab	46.96±0.85 a	41.58±0.39 bcde	40.33±1.3 abc	39.18±1.54 a	5.77±3.49b c
	MDMF	38.31±1.07 abc	39.9±0.24 abcdef	45.87±0.55 ab	38.61±0.34 fgh	39.05±0.81 bcde	32.10±1.61 d	16.85±4.56 a
	MDLF	36.73±0.83 abcde	39.76±2.40 bcdef	42.34±1.67 defg	36.34±2.37 he	36.37±1.49 e	34.71±1.55 c	4.2±6.63 bc
	HDHF	37.73±0.7 abcde	39.93±0.45 abcdef	45.39±1.45 ab	41.82±0.5 abcd	40.47±0.33 abc	38.32±0.72 ab	8.36±1.81 abc
	HDMF	36.25±0.78 bcde	39.53±0.42 bcdef	45.01±1.09 abc	39.62±0.24 cdefg	39.33±0.29 bcd	37.11±1.55 ab	6.31±4.51 bc
	HDLF	35.03±0.58 de	39.47±0.49 bcdef	42.9±1.47 cdefg	36.64±0.84 he	38.14±0.2 cde	36.21±1.09 bc	1.07±5.62 c
方差分析ANOVA
移栽密度Density (D)		NS	NS	NS	**	*	*	NS
施肥量Fertilizer (F)		**	**	**	**	**	*	NS
D×F		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	*	*

表3

表4

不同处理对水稻LAI的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Middle tillering stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	齐穗期 Full heading stage	灌浆中期 Mid-filling stage	乳熟期 Milk ripening stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	叶面积衰减率 Decreasing rate of leaf area (%)
2021	LDHF	2.83±0.11 bcd	5.74±0.16 bc	7.17±0.32 abcd	6.18±0.36 bc	5.46±0.10 b	4.52±0.34 abc	6.03±1.40 a
	LDMF	2.67±0.14 cd	5.60±0.42 bc	6.70±0.36 cd	5.94±0.34 c	5.14±0.12 cd	5.52±0.28 a	2.67±1.40 b
	LDLF	2.50±0.29 d	5.12±0.10 c	6.38±0.14 d	5.69±0.14 c	5.16±0.03 bcd	4.44±0.17 abc	6.11±2.20 a
	MDHF	3.17±0.21 ab	5.20±0.08 c	7.27±0.32 abc	6.32±0.2b c	5.18±0.17 bcd	4.2±0.08 bc	6.97±0.80 a
	MDMF	3.09±0.27 bc	5.20±0.19 c	7.02±0.80 bcd	5.9±0.13 c	5.34±0.25 bc	4.2±0.19 bc	6.42±2.00 a
	MDLF	2.87±0.29 bcd	4.52±0.25 d	6.39±0.23 d	5.8±0.14 c	5.01±0.02 d	3.52±0.25 d	6.54±0.50 a
	HDHF	3.16±0.12 ab	6.52±0.28 a	7.88±0.07 a	7.28±1.1 a	5.91±0.23 a	4.74±0.16 b	7.14±0.50 a
	HDMF	3.53±0.34 a	6.20±0.73 ab	7.66±0.68 ab	6.91±0.17 ab	5.8±0.14 a	4.60±0.42 bc	6.96±2.10 a
	HDLF	3.09±0.11 bc	5.52±0.34 c	7.31±0.53 abc	6.13±0.39 bc	5.44±0.2 bc	4.12±0.10 c	7.24±1.40 a
2022	LDHF	2.69±0.23 bc	5.65±0.63 bc	6.72±0.46 bc	6±0.37 bcd	5.14±0.35 ab	4.12±0. 20 b	6.19±0.70 bc
	LDMF	2.64±0.20 bc	5.05±0.14 cd	6.58±0.20 c	5.79±0.3 cd	4.98±0.18 b	4.44±0.08 ab	5.11±0.70 bc
	LDLF	2.47±0.15 c	4.52±0.24 d	6.50±0.4 c	5.32±0.16 d	4.88±0.48 b	4.49±0.50 ab	4.78±1.70 c
	MDHF	3.11±0.10 ab	5.75±0.39 b	7.33±0.22 b	6.54±0.14 abc	5.45±1.00 ab	4.29±0.10 ab	7.23±0.30 ab
	MDMF	2.9±0.15 bc	5.82±0.37 b	7.04±0.49 bc	6.10±0.87 bcd	5.28±0.54 ab	4.21±0.46 b	6.74±1.90 abc
	MDLF	2.60±0.20 c	5.05±0.39 cd	7.00±0.34 bc	6.04±0.58 bcd	5.13±0.27 ab	4.54±0.24 ab	5.84±1.40 bc
	HDHF	3.49±0.28 a	6.65±0.29 a	8.24±0.38 a	7.07±0.45 a	6.20±0.30 a	4.59±0.05 ab	8.70±1.00 a
	HDMF	3.13±0.27 ab	6.20±0.25 ab	7.39±0.15 b	6.80±0.06 ab	5.81±0.57 ab	4.32±0.27 ab	7.31±0.30 ab
	HDLF	3.11±0.51 ab	5.77±0.39 b	7.35±0.39 b	6.23±0.44 bc	5.56±0.79 ab	4.80±0.24 a	6.08±1.50 bc
方差分析ANOVA
移栽密度 Density (D)		**	**	**	**	**	**	*
施肥量 Fertilizer (F)		**	**	**	**	**	NS	**
D×F		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

表4

图2

图3

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