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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (9): 2323-2334.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43002

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机物料投入对滨海盐碱地土壤理化性状和夏玉米产量形成的影响

张贵芹1(), 王洪章1, 郭新送2, 朱福军2, 高涵2, 张吉旺1, 赵斌1, 任佰朝1, 刘鹏1, 任昊1,*()   

  1. 1黄淮海区域玉米技术创新中心 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018
    2山东农大肥业科技股份有限公司, 山东肥城 271600
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-09 接受日期:2024-05-21 出版日期:2024-09-12 网络出版日期:2024-06-07
  • 通讯作者: *任昊, E-mail: renhaosadu@126.com<
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhangguiqinsy@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202103);山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(SDAIT-02-08);山东省重大科技创新工程计划项目(2021CXGC010804-05);山东省自然科学基金资助项目青年项目(ZR2022QC135)

Effects of organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties and summer maize yield formation in coastal saline-alkali land

ZHANG Gui-Qin1(), WANG Hong-Zhang1, GUO Xin-Song2, ZHU Fu-Jun2, GAO Han2, ZHANG Ji-Wang1, ZHAO Bin1, REN Bai-Zhao1, LIU Peng1, REN Hao1,*()   

  1. 1Huang-huai-hai Regional Maize Technology Innovation Center / College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Agricultural University Fertilizer Technology Co., Ltd, Feicheng 271600, Shandong, China
  • Received:2024-01-09 Accepted:2024-05-21 Published:2024-09-12 Published online:2024-06-07
  • Contact: *E-mail: renhaosadu@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province(LJNY202103);Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation(SDAIT-02-08);Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project in Shandong Province(2021CXGC010804-05);Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022QC135)

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摘要：

探究不同有机物料投入对滨海盐碱地土壤理化性质及玉米生长发育的调控作用, 为滨海盐碱地夏玉米生产提供理论依据。试验于2021—2022年夏玉米生长季在山东省滨州市无棣县滨海盐碱型农田进行。有机物料类型及用量分别为腐植酸(3000 kg hm-2, HA)、生物炭(15,000 kg hm-2, BC)、生物有机肥(15,000 kg hm-2, BO), 以不添加有机物料为对照(CK), 探究0~40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、田间持水量、pH值、电导率及总有机碳含量的变化, 分析不同有机物料投入对玉米地上部干物质积累和产量形成的影响。结果表明, 腐植酸、生物炭和生物有机肥的施用均可在一定程度上改善盐碱土理化性质。3种有机物料连续处理能有效降低表层土壤容重, 增加土壤总孔隙度和田间持水量; 可显著降低0~10 cm土层pH, 分别平均降低0.17、0.08和0.20。连续施用2年后, 腐植酸显著降低0~40 cm土层电导率, 平均降低32.74%; 3种有机物料显著增加0~20 cm土层中总有机碳的含量, 其中生物炭处理能显著增加57.99%。腐植酸和生物有机肥处理显著增加夏玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量; 连续使用2年后腐植酸处理产量显著增加了11.01%, 表现较好。综上所述, 本试验条件下腐植酸施用后能改善土壤物理结构、降低0~10 cm土层pH、提高土壤中有机碳含量、显著降低土壤电导率, 促进夏玉米地上部干物质积累、提高籽粒产量, 且连续施用2年后较CK增加纯收益。故而腐植酸可作为改良滨海盐碱地土壤理化性状、促进夏玉米生长发育的有机物料。生物有机肥的施用可改善土壤理化性状, 但仍需进行定位试验以验证其长期经济效应。

关键词: 滨海盐碱地, 有机物料, 土壤理化性状, 产量

Abstract:

This study investigates the regulatory effects of different organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties, as well as maize growth and development, in coastal saline-alkali land. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis for summer maize production in such environments. The experiment was conducted during the summer maize growing seasons of 2021-2022 in coastal saline-alkali farmland located in Wudi county, Binzhou city, Shandong province. The organic materials used included humic acid (3000 kg hm-2, HA), biochar (15,000 kg hm-2, BC), and bio-organic fertilizer (15,000 kg hm-2, BO), while the control (CK) had no organic materials added. The study examined changes in soil bulk density, total porosity, field capacity, pH value, electrical conductivity, and total organic carbon content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Additionally, the effects of different organic material inputs on aboveground dry matter accumulation and maize yield formation were assessed. The results demonstrated that the application of humic acid, biochar, and bio-organic fertilizer can improve the physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil. All three organic material treatments significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface soil, increased total porosity and field capacity, and reduced the pH value of the 0-10 cm soil layer by 0.17, 0.08, and 0.20, respectively. After two years of continuous application, humic acid significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity in the 0-40 cm soil layer by an average of 32.74%. Furthermore, all three organic materials significantly increased the total organic carbon content in the 0-20 cm soil layer, with the biochar treatment exhibiting a significant increase of 57.99%. Both humic acid and bio-organic fertilizer treatments significantly increased aboveground biomass and yield of summer maize. After two consecutive years of application, the humic acid treatment showed a significant yield increase of 11.01%, indicating superior performance. In conclusion, comprehensive analysis showed that the application of humic acid can improve soil physical structure, reduce the pH of the 0-10 cm soil layer, increase organic carbon content, decrease soil electrical conductivity, promote aboveground biomass accumulation in summer maize, and enhance grain yield under the conditions of this study. Moreover, humic acid application demonstrated increased net yield compared to the control after two consecutive years. Therefore, humic acid can be employed as an organic material to improve soil physical and chemical properties in coastal saline-alkali land, while promoting the growth and development of summer maize. Although bio-organic fertilizer also enhances soil physical and chemical properties, further localized experiments are necessary to verify its long-term economic effects.

Key words: coastal saline-alkali land, organic material, soil physical and chemical properties, yield

图1

试验点夏玉米季降雨量和气温变化情况"

图2

不同有机物料投入下盐碱土壤的pH值 CK、HA、BC和BO分别表示不添加有机物料、添加腐植酸(3000 kg hm-2)、添加生物炭(15,000 kg hm-2)和添加生物有机肥(15,000 kg hm-2)。误差线为标准误。图注上标以不同小写字母表示同一年份、同一土层不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

不同有机物料投入下盐碱土壤的总有机碳含量 CK、HA、BC和BO分别表示不添加有机物料、添加腐植酸(3000 kg hm-2)、添加生物炭(15,000 kg hm-2)和添加生物有机肥(15,000 kg hm-2)。误差线为标准误。图注上标以不同小写字母表示同一年份、同一土层不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同有机物料投入下盐碱地夏玉米的干物质积累量 CK、HA、BC和BO分别表示不添加有机物料、添加腐植酸(3000 kg hm-2)、添加生物炭(15,000 kg hm-2)和添加生物有机肥(15,000 kg hm-2)。误差线为标准误。"

图6

玉米地上部生物量、产量及产量构成因素与土壤理化性状的相关性分析 **表示差异极显著(P < 0.01), *表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表1

不同有机物料投入下盐碱土壤的容重、总孔隙度和田间持水量"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 处理
Treatment		 2021 2022
容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 总孔隙度
Total porosity
(%)		 田间持水量
Field capacity
(%)		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 总孔隙度
Total porosity (%)		 田间持水量
Field capacity
(%)
0-10 CK 1.43±0.01 a 40.25±1.07 b 25.78±0.54 a 1.17±0.01 a 48.75±0.01 b 36.08±0.36 b
HA 1.41±0.01 a 42.70±0.64 a 26.78±0.57 a 1.11±0.03 bc 49.77±0.12 a 38.49±1.02 a
BC 1.41±0.01 a 42.57±0.33 a 25.40±1.35 a 1.08±0.01 c 49.85±0.51 a 38.09±0.37 a
BO 1.42±0.01 a 42.62±0.32 a 27.12±0.40 a 1.14±0.01 ab 49.38±0.56 ab 37.71±0.69 a
10-20 CK 1.57±0.01 a 33.84±0.78 b 20.22±0.63 b 1.56±0.01 a 39.39±0.40 c 24.49±0.49 c
HA 1.50±0.01 b 37.19±0.26 a 25.09±0.19 a 1.33±0.02 c 42.07±0.62 b 30.69±2.80 b
BC 1.49±0.02 b 39.44±0.06 a 25.39±0.37 a 1.28±0.01 d 45.30±0.19 a 34.55±0.02 a
BO 1.45±0.01 c 38.32±0.31 a 24.81±0.51 a 1.44±0.02 b 41.55±0.92 b 27.81±0.80 b
20-30 CK 1.56±0.01 a 29.27±1.65 bc 16.95±0.40 c 1.48±0.03 a 40.30±0.34 a 26.02±0.06 b
HA 1.52±0.01 b 27.77±0.64 c 17.91±0.36 bc 1.50±0.01 a 40.49±0.29 a 25.94±0.42 b
BC 1.55±0.01 a 31.71±1.10 b 20.04±0.61 b 1.35±0.06 b 42.26±0.88 a 30.03±1.88 a
BO 1.47±0.01 c 36.43±2.05 a 24.29±1.66 a 1.45±0.01 a 42.11±0.18 a 27.97±0.31 ab
30-40 CK 1.44±0.01 c 33.01±0.46 b 23.66±1.43 a 1.39±0.02 a 43.96±0.63 a 30.26±0.73 ab
HA 1.56±0.01 a 26.27±0.70 c 16.51±0.45 c 1.38±0.01 a 41.89±0.24 b 29.31±0.16 b
BC 1.47±0.01 b 36.18±1.41 a 20.93±0.79 b 1.37±0.01 a 42.76±0.25 b 31.61±0.21 a
BO 1.47±0.01 b 34.48±0.21 ab 21.92±1.17 ab 1.32±0.05 a 42.61±0.01 b 29.00±0.74 b

图3

不同有机物料投入下盐碱土壤的电导率 CK、HA、BC和BO分别表示不添加有机物料、添加腐植酸(3000 kg hm-2)、添加生物炭(15,000 kg hm-2)和添加生物有机肥(15,000 kg hm-2)。误差线为标准误。图注上标以不同小写字母表示同一年份、同一土层不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表2

不同有机物料投入下盐碱地夏玉米的产量及其构成因素"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 公顷穗数
Actual ears (ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2021 CK 60,558.58±1170.72 a 511.18±3.43 a 255.36±0.97 b 7903.65±193.57 c
HA 62,225.33±1644.46 a 495.91±5.71 ab 257.05±2.00 b 8217.70±96.26 b
BC 61,114.17±1575.40 a 487.89±10.27 b 256.05±3.43 b 7732.01±215.66 c
BO 62,780.92±962.30 a 504.83±7.37 ab 286.31±4.49 a 9015.42±73.83 a
2022 CK 56,113.92±962.30 a 556.98±2.67 b 321.67±5.84 bc 10,051.57±109.61 c
HA 57,225.08±962.30 a 582.98±4.09 a 334.52±5.57 a 11,157.90±111.07 a
BC 56,669.50±0.00 a 577.87±10.81 ab 315.26±4.83 c 10,324.06±251.87 bc
BO 57,225.08±962.30 a 582.98±17.89 a 331.18±3.65 ab 11,050.37±473.17 ab

表3

不同有机物料投入下玉米各项投入与产出情况"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 生产成本 Production cost (Yuan hm-2) 产值
Output value (Yuan hm-2)		 纯收益
Net income (Yuan hm-2)		 较CK增加纯收益
Increase net income compared with CK (Yuan hm-2)
种子
Seed		 农药
Pesticide		 肥料
Fertilizer		 机械
Machine		 合计
Summation
2021 CK 750 320 2250 1500 4820 21,735.03 16,915.03
HA 750 320 3750 1500 6320 22,598.67 16,278.67 -636.36
BC 750 320 74,250 1500 76,820 21,263.03 -55,557.97 -72,472.00
BO 750 320 12,750 1500 15,320 24,792.45 9472.41 -7442.62
2022 CK 750 400 2250 1300 4700 25,813.87 21,113.87
HA 750 400 3750 1300 6200 29,109.97 22,909.97 1796.10
BC 750 400 74,250 1300 76,700 26,864.55 -49,835.45 -70,949.32
BO 750 400 12,750 1300 15,200 27,482.41 12,282.41 -8831.46
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