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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7): 1841-1854.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34161

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施磷对夏花生产量品质、光温生理特性及根系形态的影响

杨启睿(), 李岚涛, 张铎, 王雅娴, 盛开, 王宜伦*()   

  1. 河南农业大学资源与环境学院, 河南郑州 450046
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08 接受日期:2024-01-31 出版日期:2024-07-12 网络出版日期:2024-02-21
  • 通讯作者: *王宜伦, E-mail: wangyilunrl@henau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: yqr1101yqr@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901001-08)

Effect of phosphorus application on yield, quality, light temperature physiological characteristics, and root morphology in summer peanut

YANG Qi-Rui(), LI Lan-Tao, ZHANG Duo, WANG Ya-Xian, SHENG Kai, WANG Yi-Lun*()   

  1. College of Resource and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2024-01-31 Published:2024-07-12 Published online:2024-02-21
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangyilunrl@henau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901001-08)

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摘要：

探究不同施磷水平对夏花生产量、品质及磷素积累动态、光温生理特性和根系形态影响效应, 为花生高效科学施用磷肥提供理论支持。2021—2022年在河南省温县布置磷肥用量田间试验, 供试品种为“豫花22”, 设P2O5 0、30、60、90、120 kg hm-2 5个磷肥用量处理。于成熟期测定夏花生荚果产量和品质指标, 并分别于苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期测定叶片SPAD值、冠层光合有效辐射和冠层温度, 采集植株样品分析植株磷素积累量和根系形态。结果表明, 随施磷量增加, 2年夏花生荚果产量均呈“线性+平台”趋势变化, 适宜施磷量分别为94 kg hm-2和95 kg hm-2, 施磷处理2年平均增产23.68%。成熟期籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量均随施磷量增加呈“先升高后趋于稳定”趋势变化。与不施磷相比, 施磷90 kg hm-2时籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量2年度平均增幅分别为11.06%、3.89%和11.58%, 效果显著。通过Logistic方程对夏花生磷素积累量进行非线性回归拟合, 得出施磷处理通过提高夏花生磷素最大积累速率(Vm)和平均积累速率( V ˉ), 延长快速积累期(Δt)与活跃积累期(Taas), 进而提高磷素最大积累量(Ym); 适量施磷提高各部位磷素吸收积累量, 促进磷素向荚果中分配。夏花生冠层最高温、最低温与平均温均随施磷量的增加显著降低; 叶片SPAD值与冠层光合有效辐射量(APAR)和分量(FPAR)在施磷90 kg hm-2时显著增加; 施磷处理夏花生耕层总根长、根平均直径、根体积和根表面积分别平均增加48.50%、16.25%、37.80%和21.88%。磷肥利用率和偏生产力随施磷量增加逐渐降低, 农学效率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。合理施磷可显著提高夏花生产量、改善品质, 促进磷素积累利用并显著改善生育期光温生理性能。本试验条件下夏花生推荐施磷量为90 kg hm-2。

关键词: 花生, 施磷量, 产量, 品质, 光温特性, 磷肥利用率, Logistic

Abstract:

Phosphorus (P) application status on the yield, quality, phosphorus accumulation dynamics, physiological characteristics of light and temperature, and root morphology of summer peanuts were explored to provide theoretical support for the efficient and scientific application of P in peanuts. Field experiment was conducted in Wen county, Henan province from 2021 to 2022. Five P (P2O5) fertilization treatments (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg hm-2) were applied using variety “Yuhua 22” as the experimental material. The yield and quality indicators of summer peanut pods were measured at mature stage, leaf SPAD value, canopy photosynthetic effective radiation, and canopy temperature were determined at seedling stage, flowering-pegging stage, pod-setting stage, and pod-filling stage, respectively. Plant samples were collected to analyse P accumulation and root morphology. Results showed that the “linear + platforms trends” were observed between P rates and peanut pods yield in both years and the optimal P application rates were 94 kg hm-2 and 95 kg hm-2, respectively. P application increased yield by 23.68% on average. The contents of crude protein, oil and amino acid in grain at maturity had a trend of “first increasing and then stabilizing” with the increasing P application rates. Compared with no P application (0 kg hm-2), the average increasing rate of crude protein, oil and amino acid contents in grain with P application of 90 kg hm-2 was 11.06%, 3.89%, and 11.58%, respectively. The P accumulation amount of summer peanuts was fitted by nonlinear regression through the Logistic equation, and it was concluded that P application treatments increased the maximum amount of P accumulation (Ym) by increasing the maximum accumulation rate (Vm) and the average accumulation rate ( V ˉ) of P and prolonging the rapid accumulation period (Δt) and the active accumulation period (Taas). Applying proper amount of P increased the absorption and accumulation of P in each part and promoted the distribution of P to pod. The maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures of the summer peanut canopy all decreased significantly with the increases of P rates. Peanut leaf SPAD values and canopy photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and fractions (FPAR) significantly increased with P application of 90 kg hm-2. Total root length, average root diameter, root volume, and root surface area of the ploughing layer in summer peanuts were increased by an average of 48.50%, 16.25%, 37.80%, and 21.88%, respectively, in P application treatments. Phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency and partial factor productivity decreased gradually with the increase of P application, and agronomic efficiency showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. Reasonable phosphorus application can significantly increase the yield and quality of summer peanuts, promote the accumulation and utilization of phosphorus, and improve the physiological performance of light and temperature at reproductive stage. The recommended P application rate for summer peanuts under the conditions of this experiment was 90 kg hm-2.

Key words: peanut, P application rate, yield, quality, light temperature characteristics, P recovery efficiency, Logistic

表1

试验田土壤基础养分状况"

地点
Site		 年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
武德镇 Wude town 2021 7.45 18.79 98.2 15.6 130.5
赵堡镇 Zhaobao town 2022 7.24 16.80 74.1 14.2 132.6

图1

磷肥用量对夏花生荚果产量影响 柱状图上不同字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表2

磷肥用量对夏花生籽粒主要品质指标的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 粗蛋白含量
Protein content		 含油量
Oil content		 氨基酸含量
Amino content
2021 P0 20.72±0.41 b 44.95±0.38 c 18.43±0.50 c
P30 21.82±0.85 a 45.79±0.56 bc 19.23±0.37 b
P60 22.14±0.33 a 46.01±0.65 ab 19.62±0.49 ab
P90 22.91±0.78 a 46.93±0.68 a 20.26±0.11 a
P120 22.36±0.38 a 46.09±0.27 ab 19.72±0.33 ab
2022 P0 17.81±0.09 b 52.41±0.53 c 16.13±0.76 c
P30 18.31±0.62 b 53.06±0.48 bc 17.02±0.09 bc
P60 19.18±0.44 a 53.68±0.25 ab 17.83±0.74 ab
P90 19.86±0.65 a 54.18±0.47 a 18.27±0.37 a
P120 19.77±0.24 a 53.71±0.46 ab 18.08±0.21 a

表3

不同磷肥用量对夏花生籽仁脂肪酸组分含量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 油酸
Oleic		 亚油酸
Linoleic		 油亚比
O/L		 棕榈酸
Palmitic		 山嵛酸
Behenic		 硬脂酸
Stearic		 花生酸
Arachidonic		 木蜡酸
Lignoceric
2021 P0 31.63±0.51 c 47.17±0.37 a 67.06±1.17 c 12.33±0.21 c 2.39±0.03 b 2.42±0.03 c 0.96±0.02 c 1.20±0.01 a
P30 32.02±0.44 bc 46.81±0.39 a 68.40±1.12 c 12.80±0.23 b 2.41±0.01 ab 2.51±0.01 c 1.03±0.04 b 1.20±0.01 a
P60 32.80±0.71 ab 46.09±0.39 b 71.16±0.94 b 13.09±0.18 ab 2.43±0.03 ab 2.61±0.10 b 1.07±0.02 ab 1.21±0.01 a
P90 33.51±0.35 a 45.40±0.27 c 73.83±0.99 a 13.39±0.32 a 2.46±0.04 a 2.72±0.04 a 1.11±0.02 a 1.21±0.01 a
P120 32.59±0.40 ab 45.77±0.17 bc 71.20±0.64 b 13.15±0.12 ab 2.42±0.04 ab 2.64±0.03 ab 1.09±0.03 a 1.22±0.01 a
2022 P0 31.75±0.22 c 47.28±0.38 a 67.16±0.18 c 11.93±0.06 c 2.26±0.02 c 2.08±0.04 c 1.09±0.05 b 1.22±0.01 a
P30 32.06±0.36 bc 46.80±0.30 ab 68.50±0.66 bc 12.08±0.11 bc 2.30±0.03 b 2.18±0.06 b 1.12±0.03 ab 1.23±0.01 a
P60 32.62±0.17 ab 46.13±0.21 b 70.71±0.52 a 12.36±0.22 b 2.33±0.01 b 2.25±0.05 b 1.14±0.03 ab 1.23±0.01 a
P90 33.07±0.46 a 45.90±0.70 b 72.07±1.76 a 12.82±0.15 a 2.41±0.02 a 2.38±0.04 a 1.17±0.02 a 1.23±0.01 a
P120 32.40±0.36 b 46.13±0.32 b 70.23±0.96 ab 12.76±0.21 a 2.39±0.02 a 2.35±0.02 a 1.13±0.01 ab 1.24±0.02 a

表4

不同磷肥用量对夏花生氨基酸组分含量的影响"

年份
Year		 组分
Component		 处理 Treatment
P0 P30 P60 P90 P120
2021 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 1.06±0.02 c 1.09±0.03 bc 1.12±0.03 ab 1.14±0.01 a 1.12±0.01 ab
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.20±0.01 c 0.21±0.01 bc 0.22±0.01 ab 0.23±0.01 a 0.22±0.01 ab
赖氨酸Lysine 0.92±0.01 b 0.93±0.01 ab 0.94±0.01 a 0.96±0.02 a 0.95±0.01 a
亮氨酸Leucine 1.33±0.01 b 1.34±0.01 b 1.36±0.01 a 1.38±0.01 a 1.37±0.01 a
异亮氨酸Isoleucine 0.60±0.01 c 0.61±0.01 bc 0.63±0.02 ab 0.65±0.02 a 0.64±0.01 ab
组氨酸Histidine 0.67±0.01 c 0.69±0.01 bc 0.70±0.01 ab 0.72±0.01 a 0.71±0.01 ab
苏氨酸Threonine 0.71±0.02 c 0.72±0.02 bc 0.74±0.01 ab 0.76±0.01 a 0.74±0.01 ab
缬氨酸Valine 0.79±0.01 b 0.81±0.02 ab 0.81±0.01 ab 0.83±0.02 a 0.80±0.01 ab
脯氨酸Proline 0.90±0.01 c 0.92±0.01 bc 0.94±0.01 ab 0.95±0.02 a 0.94±0.01 ab
精氨酸Arginine 2.28±0.02 c 2.32±0.03 bc 2.36±0.02 ab 2.41±0.04 a 2.39±0.03 a
2022 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 0.89±0.02 c 0.93±0.02 b 0.96±0.01 b 1.02±0.03 a 1.01±0.01 a
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.16±0.01 b 0.16±0.01 ab 0.17±0.01 ab 0.17±0.01 a 0.17±0.01 a
赖氨酸Lysine 0.78±0.03 a 0.79±0.04 a 0.80±0.03 a 0.83±0.02 a 0.81±0.03 a
亮氨酸Leucine 1.09±0.01 c 1.12±0.01 b 1.13±0.01 b 1.15±0.01 a 1.15±0.01 a
异亮氨酸Isoleucine 0.51±0.02 b 0.53±0.01 b 0.56±0.03 a 0.57±0.01 a 0.56±0.01 a
组氨酸Histidine 0.60±0.01 c 0.61±0.01 bc 0.62±0.01 b 0.63±0.01 a 0.63±0.01 a
苏氨酸Threonine 0.67±0.01 c 0.68±0.01 bc 0.70±0.01 ab 0.72±0.01 a 0.71±0.01 a
缬氨酸Valine 0.71±0.04 a 0.72±0.04 a 0.73±0.01 a 0.73±0.01 a 0.73±0.01 a
脯氨酸Proline 0.84±0.01 b 0.85±0.03 ab 0.87±0.02 ab 0.89±0.03 a 0.88±0.02 ab
精氨酸Arginine 1.80±0.03 b 1.81±0.01 b 1.86±0.02 ab 1.91±0.03 a 1.90±0.07 a

图2

不同磷肥用量下荚果产量与花生籽粒品质组分含量的相关性分析 *、**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平显著相关。"

图3

花生磷素积累动态变化 散点表示实测值, 曲线表示拟合值。处理同表2。"

表5

不同磷肥用量下夏花生磷素积累动态模型及其参数"

处理
Treatment		 回归方程
Regression equation		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 Vm
(g d-1 hm-2)		 V ¯
(g d-1 hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 Δt
(d)		 Taas
(d)		 Tm
(d)		 R2
P0 y=19.28/(1+561.44e-0.107t) 19.28 516.77 344.51 46.77 71.34 24.57 55.97 59.05 0.9884
P30 y=23.16/(1+456.73e-0.104t) 23.15 603.51 402.34 46.11 71.37 25.26 57.55 58.74 0.9947
P60 y=26.91/(1+418.26e-0.103t) 26.91 695.06 463.37 45.68 71.17 25.49 58.07 58.42 0.9959
P90 y=30.66/(1+376.00e-0.101t) 30.66 776.73 517.82 45.51 71.50 25.99 59.20 58.51 0.9955
P120 y=29.85/(1+409.69e-0.103t) 29.85 769.77 513.18 45.55 71.08 25.53 58.16 58.31 0.9962

表6

不同磷肥用量对夏花生磷素吸收与分配的影响"

生育期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 磷素吸收量 P uptake (kg hm-2) 磷分配比例 P distribution (%)
茎部
Stem		 叶部
Leaf		 根部
Root		 荚果
Pod		 茎部
Stem		 叶部
Leaf		 根部
Root		 荚果
Pod
苗期 P0 1.00 d 1.12 d 0.20 b — 43.17 b 48.41 a 8.42 a —
SS P30 1.21 c 1.33 c 0.20 b — 44.23 ab 48.43 a 7.34 b —
P60 1.43 b 1.56 b 0.21 ab — 44.70 a 48.71 a 6.60 bc —
P90 1.69 a 1.84 a 0.23 a — 44.87 a 48.89 a 6.24 c —
P120 1.67 a 1.82 a 0.23 a — 44.93 a 48.83 a 6.24 c —
花针期 P0 3.63 d 3.01 d 0.14 c — 53.58 b 44.42 a 2.00 a —
FP P30 4.54 c 3.71 c 0.16 b — 53.97 b 44.15 ab 1.87 b —
P60 5.51 b 4.36 b 0.17 ab — 54.89 a 43.42 bc 1.70 c —
P90 6.29 a 4.95 a 0.19 a — 55.05 a 43.32 bc 1.63 c —
P120 6.10 ab 4.78 ab 0.19 a — 55.11 a 43.20 c 1.69 c —
结荚期 P0 5.99 d 4.87 d 0.48 d 2.89 d 42.12 a 34.25 a 3.35 a 20.28 d
PS P30 7.21 c 5.82 c 0.57 c 3.62 c 41.87 a 33.84 ab 3.31 a 20.99 c
P60 8.24 b 6.75 b 0.65 b 4.51 b 40.87 b 33.50 b 3.24 b 22.38 b
P90 9.18 a 7.57 a 0.72 a 5.29 a 40.33 b 33.25 b 3.18 b 23.24 a
P120 9.13 a 7.55 a 0.75 a 5.14 a 40.47 b 33.44 b 3.31 a 22.78 ab
饱果期 P0 5.08 d 4.14 d 0.46 d 10.43 d 25.25 a 20.59 a 2.28 a 51.89 c
PF P30 5.91 c 4.80 c 0.52 c 12.28 c 25.15 a 20.42 ab 2.22 ab 52.22 bc
P60 6.78 b 5.45 b 0.59 b 14.34 b 24.98 a 20.09 bc 2.17 b 52.77 ab
P90 7.65 a 6.17 a 0.67 a 16.45 a 24.72 a 19.95 c 2.17 b 53.16 a
P120 7.45 a 6.00 a 0.66 a 15.81 a 24.90 a 20.05 bc 2.20 b 52.85 ab
成熟期 P0 2.54 c 2.31 d 0.32 d 12.91 d 14.07 a 12.77 a 1.76 a 71.40 c
MS P30 3.11 b 2.72 c 0.39 c 15.99 c 14.02 ab 12.24 a 1.74 a 71.99 bc
P60 3.50 a 3.15 b 0.45 b 18.85 b 13.47 bc 12.14 a 1.73 a 72.65 ab
P90 3.77 a 3.53 a 0.51 a 21.70 a 12.79 c 11.97 a 1.71 a 73.53 a
P120 3.76 a 3.49 a 0.50 a 21.16 a 13.03 cd 12.09 a 1.73 a 73.16 a

表7

不同磷肥用量对夏花生冠层温度特征的影响"

处理
Treatment		 苗期 SS 花针期 FP
最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean		 最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean
P0 32.03 a 27.03 a 29.05 a 32.38 a 28.10 a 29.95 a
P30 31.53 a 27.05 a 28.75 a 32.15 a 27.82 ab 29.80 a
P60 30.97 ab 26.62 a 28.48 ab 31.57 ab 27.53 b 29.23 b
P90 29.83 b 26.20 a 27.97 b 31.12 b 26.98 c 28.72 b
P120 30.82 ab 26.73 a 28.38 ab 31.28 b 27.43 bc 29.02 b
处理
Treatment		 结荚期 PS 饱果期 PF
最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean		 最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean
P0 32.93 a 28.05 a 31.08 a 28.73 a 21.12 a 23.48 a
P30 32.47 ab 27.38 ab 30.73 ab 28.48 a 20.90 a 23.13 ab
P60 31.80 bc 27.07 b 30.25 ab 28.30 a 20.25 ab 22.78 bc
P90 31.21 c 26.63 b 29.82 b 28.07 a 19.78 b 22.37 c
P120 31.63 c 27.00 b 29.93 b 28.20 a 20.17 ab 22.62 bc

图4

不同施磷量对夏花生冠层温度的影响 处理同表2。SS: 苗期; FP: 花针期; PS: 结荚期; PF: 饱果期。暖色(红色和黄色)代表温度高, 冷色(蓝色)代表温度低, 数值单位为℃。"

图5

不同磷肥用量对夏花生SPAD值、光合有效辐射特征的影响 处理同表2。SS: 苗期; FP: 花针期; PS: 结荚期; PF: 饱果期。柱状图上不同字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图6

不同磷肥用量对夏花生耕层根系形态特征的影响 处理同表2。SS: 苗期; FP: 花针期; PS: 结荚期; PF: 饱果期。"

表8

不同磷肥用量下夏花生磷肥利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 磷肥利用率
PRE (%)		 磷肥农学效率
PAE (kg kg-1)		 磷肥偏生产力
PFPP (kg kg-1)
2021 P30 32.0 10.2 142.1
P60 28.9 11.8 74.3
P90 29.2 12.6 54.3
P120 26.1 9.8 41.0
2022 P30 31.5 8.0 150.3
P60 30.0 8.7 79.8
P90 29.1 15.0 62.4
P120 20.7 10.4 45.9
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