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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (9): 2335-2346.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44015

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

侧深施肥通过优化叶片功能与氮素积累来提高大豆产量

徐一帆**(), 徐彩龙**(), 李瑞东, 吴宗声, 华建鑫, 杨琳, 宋雯雯*(), 吴存祥*()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/国家大豆产业技术研发中心, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24 接受日期:2024-05-21 出版日期:2024-09-12 网络出版日期:2024-06-04
  • 通讯作者: *吴存祥, E-mail: wucunxiang@caas.cn; 宋雯雯, E-mail: songwenwen@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:徐一帆, E-mail: xyfok@outlook.com;
    徐彩龙, E-mail: xucailong@caas.cn
    **同等贡献
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFE0105000);国家自然科学基金项目(32101845);财政部和农业农村部现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04)

Deep side fertilization improved soybean yield by optimizing leaf function and nitrogen accumulation

XU Yi-Fan**(), XU Cai-Long**(), LI Rui-Dong, WU Zong-Sheng, HUA Jian-Xin, YANG Lin, SONG Wen-Wen*(), WU Cun-Xiang*()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Soybean Industrial Technology R & D Center, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2024-01-24 Accepted:2024-05-21 Published:2024-09-12 Published online:2024-06-04
  • Contact: *E-mail: wucunxiang@caas.cn; E-mail: songwenwen@caas.cn
  • About author:First author contact:**Contributed equally to this work
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0105000);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101845);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-04)

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摘要：

肥料为作物提供必要的营养元素, 促进光合作用的进行, 推动作物的生长和产量形成。黄淮海平原是我国优质大豆主要产区, 优化该地区施肥技术对于提高大豆单产, 缓解我国大豆进口压力具有重要意义。本试验设置不施肥(no fertilization, F0)、侧深施肥(side deep fertilization, F1)、等距施肥(equidistant deep fertilization, F2)和地表撒施(surface fertilization, F3) 4个处理, 研究不同施肥方式下大豆叶片生理指标、物质积累和产量构成的变化规律, 旨在阐明施肥方式与大豆生产的相互关系, 为黄淮海地区大豆绿色高效生产提供理论支撑。结果表明, F1处理增加了大豆荚粒期叶片的光系统II潜在光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光系统II实际光化学效率[Y(II)]、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP); 相较于其他处理, F1处理大豆生育后期叶片的Y(II)增加3.61%~22.86%。在抗氧化代谢方面, F1处理显著提高了大豆叶片的SOD和CAT活性, 与其他处理相比, 鼓粒后期F1处理叶片SOD和CAT活性分别提高6.32%~35.34%和1.93%~50.55%, 进而促进了叶片净光合速率的提升(29.42%~70.10%)。F1处理光合功能的改善提升了生育中后期干物质(1.17%~101.18%)和氮素(1.01%~88.14%)的积累, 为产量的增加奠定基础。施肥方式的改变(F1、F2处理)显著提高了大豆产量, 较F3处理分别提高了10.66%和6.55%。进一步分析发现, 大豆叶片Fv/Fm、Y(II)、Pn、SOD和CAT活性与单株荚数、单株粒数和产量均呈显著正相关。综上, 侧深施肥增强了大豆叶片后期抗氧化系统的功能, 提升光合与物质积累, 优化产量构成, 促进大豆增产。

关键词: 侧深施肥, 叶绿素, 荧光参数, 光合能力, 产量

Abstract:

Fertilizers play a crucial role in providing essential nutrients for crops, promoting photosynthesis, and enhancing crop growth and yield formation. The Huang-Huai-Hai region is a significant soybean production area in China, known for high-quality soybean cultivation. Optimizing fertilization techniques in this region is pivotal for improving soybean yields and reducing soybean import pressure in China. In this experiment, we implemented four treatments: no fertilization (F0), side deep fertilization (F1), equidistant deep fertilization (F2), and surface fertilization (F3). The objective was to study the variations in soybean leaf physiological indices, material accumulation, and yield composition under different fertilization methods. Our aim was to elucidate the relationship between fertilization practices and soybean production, providing theoretical support for sustainable and efficient soybean production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. The results demonstrated that the F1 treatment significantly increased the potential photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the actual photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II [Y(II)], the electron transfer rate (ETR), and the photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP) of soybean leaves during the pod-grain stage. Compared to the other treatments, the F1 treatment led to a 3.61%-22.86% increase in Y(II) in soybean leaves during the late reproductive stage. Regarding antioxidant metabolism, the F1 treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in soybean leaves. In comparison to the other treatments, the F1-treated leaves exhibited a 6.32%-35.34% increase in SOD activity and a 1.93%-50.55% increase in CAT activity during the late seed filling stage, subsequently contributing to a boosted net photosynthetic rate (29.42%-70.10%). The enhancement of photosynthetic function in the F1 treatment resulted in increased dry matter (1.17%-101.18%) and nitrogen (1.01%-88.14%) accumulation during the middle and late fertility stages, providing a foundation for increased yield. Changes in fertilization practices (F1 and F2 treatments) led to a significant increase in soybean yield by 10.66% and 6.55%, respectively, compared to the F3 treatment. Further analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soybean leaf Fv/Fm, Y(II), Pn, SOD, CAT activities, and the number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, and overall yield. In conclusion, side-depth fertilization enhanced the late antioxidant system function of soybean leaves, improved photosynthesis and material accumulation, optimized yield composition, and promoted increased soybean yield.

Key words: side deep fertilization, chlorophyll, fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic capacity, yield

图1

试验地点2020-2022年降雨量及温度"

图2

不同处理肥料施用方式示意图 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施。"

表1

处理(T)和年份(Y)及其交互作用对本研究测量参数的影响"

项目
Item		 变异来源Source of variation
产量
Yield		 单株
荚数
Pods per plant		 单株
粒数
Seeds per plant		 百粒重
100-seed weight		 叶面积指数LAI 净光合速率Pn 蒸腾
速率
Tr		 最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm 实际光化学效率Y(II) 电子传递速率ETR 光化学淬灭系数qP 超氧化物歧化酶SOD 过氧化氢酶CAT
处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** ** **
年份
Year (Y)		 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** — — — — ** **
处理×年份
T×Y		 NS ** ** NS ** ** NS — — — — NS NS

图3

施肥方式对大豆植株持绿性的影响 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施。"

图4

施肥方式对大豆净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施; R1: 初花期; R3: 初荚期; R5: 始粒期; R7: 初熟期。Pn: 净光合速率; Tr: 蒸腾速率。"

图5

施肥方式对大豆叶绿素荧光参数的影响(2022) F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施; R1: 初花期; R3: 初荚期; R5: 始粒期; R7: 初熟期。Y(II): 实际光化学效率; Fv/Fm: 最大光化学量子产量; ETR: 电子传递速率; qp: 光化学淬灭系数。"

图6

施肥方式对大豆SOD和CAT活性的影响 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施; V3: 三节期; R1: 初花期; R3: 初荚期; R5: 始粒期; R7: 初熟期。CAT: 过氧化氢酶; SOD: 超氧化物歧化酶。"

图7

产量与叶片光合指标相关性分析 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施。Pn: 净光合速率; Tr: 蒸腾速率; Y(II): 实际光化学效率; Fv/Fm: 最大光化学量子产量; CAT: 过氧化氢酶; SOD: 超氧化物歧化酶。**表示在0.01概率水平差异显著; NS表示差异不显著。"

图8

施肥方式对大豆干物质和氮素积累的影响 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施。"

图9

2020-2022年各处理大豆产量及产量构成 F0: 不施肥; F1: 侧深施肥; F2: 等距施肥; F3: 地表撒施。不同小写字母表示同一生育期处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图10

叶片光合、生理及产量构成指标间直接通径系数及相关性 SPP: 单株粒数; PPP: 单株荚数; HSW: 百粒重; Pn: 净光合速率; Tr: 蒸腾速率; Y(II): 实际光化学效率; qP: 光化学淬灭系数; CAT: 过氧化氢酶; SOD: 超氧化物歧化酶。*和**分别表示两指标在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著; NS表示两指标没有相关性。"

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