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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (3): 695-708.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34097

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施加生物炭对谷子干物质积累、转运、分配和土壤理化性质的影响

李博洋1(), 叶茵2, 楚睿雯1, 井苗3, 张岁岐4, 严加坤1,*()   

  1. 1榆林学院生命科学学院, 陕西榆林 719000
    2九江市农业科学院, 江西九江 332000
    3榆林市农业科学研究院, 陕西榆林 719000
    4中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所 / 黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09 接受日期:2023-09-13 出版日期:2024-03-12 网络出版日期:2023-09-27
  • 通讯作者: *严加坤, E-mail: himingse@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: liboyang2233@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31960223);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021NY-101);陕西省青年科技新星项目(2023KJXX-072);陕西省高校杰出青年人才支持计划, 财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-B27);榆林学院研究生创新基金项目(2023YLYCX08)

Effects of biochar application on dry matter accumulation, transport, and distribution of foxtail millet and soil physicochemical properties

LI Bo-Yang1(), YE Yin2, CHU Rui-Wen1, JING Miao3, ZHANG Sui-Qi4, YAN Jia-Kun1,*()   

  1. 1College of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
    2Jiujiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, China
    3Yulin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
    4State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2023-06-09 Accepted:2023-09-13 Published:2024-03-12 Published online:2023-09-27
  • Contact: *E-mail: himingse@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960223);Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021NY-101);Shaanxi Youth Science and Technology New Star Project(2023KJXX-072);Young Talent Support Program of Shaanxi University, the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-B27);Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Yulin University(2023YLYCX08)

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摘要：

谷子是我国北方重要的杂粮作物, 研究表明施加生物炭显著提高谷子产量, 但生物炭施用对谷子干物质积累转运及沙地土壤理化性质的影响缺乏详细研究。因此, 为研究生物炭对谷子干物质积累转运及分配和土壤的影响, 以“榆谷抗1”为试验材料, 于2021—2022年在毛乌素新开垦沙地开展田间试验, 共设置1个对照组(CK, 生物炭添加量0.0 t hm-2)和3个试验组3.0 t hm-2 (C1)、4.5 t hm-2 (C2)和6.0 t hm-2 (C3)。结果表明, 与CK相比, 新开垦沙地施加生物炭可以显著提高谷子产量和总干物质量, 增长幅度分别为12.22%~53.70%和9.62%~40.62%。与CK相比, 施加生物炭处理显著提高了花后0 (开花期)、7、14、21、28和45 d谷子倒一叶(旗叶)至倒十三叶的叶片干重。施加生物炭提高了开花期净光合速率, 花后同化物积累量、花后同化物积累量对籽粒产量的贡献率以及收获期穗的干物质分配比例, 但是后三者随生物炭施用量的增加呈现略微下降的趋势。收获期茎、叶总干物质分配比例随生物炭用量增加而降低, 千粒重和收获指数随生物炭施用量的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。相关性分析显示, 谷子产量与收获期茎重(R2 = 0.68)、收获期地上部总重(R2 = 0.71)和收获期全株总重(R2 = 0.70)呈显著正相关。施加生物炭能有效提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性, 并且显著提高土壤有效氮和有效磷的含量, 其中C2 (4.5 t hm-2)处理改善效果较大。综上, 施加生物炭改善土壤质量, 提高开花期谷子净光合速率, 增加花后营养器官光合产物的积累, 提高穗部干物质分配比例, 最终实现谷子增产。

关键词: 生物炭, 谷子, 干物质, 产量, 土壤理化性质

Abstract:

Foxtail millet is an important minor crop in North China. Biochar could increase the yield production of foxtail millet, but the effects of biochar on the dry matter accumulation and transport of foxtail millet and the soil physical and chemical properties have not been studied detailly. To explore the effects of biochar adding on dry matter accumulation, transport, and distribution in foxtail millet and soil, a new reclamation land in Mu Us desert was selected to conduct a field experiment in 2021 and 2022 with ‘Yugukang 1’ as the experimental material. In this experiment, there were one control group (CK, biochar addition 0 t hm-2) and 3 test groups with 3.0 t hm-2 (C1), 4.5 t hm-2 (C2), and 6.0 t hm-2 (C3), respectively. The results showed that, compared with CK, the grain yield and the total dry material quality were significantly increased by 12.22%-53.70% and 9.62%-40.62%, respectively. Biochar application significantly increased the dry weight of foxtail millet leaves from the top one leaf (flag leaf) to the top thirteen leaves at 0 (flowering stage), 7, 14, 21, 28, and 45 days after flowering. Biochar increased the net photosynthetic rate at flowering stage, the amount of assimilates accumulated after flowering, the contribution rate of assimilates accumulated after flowering to grain yield, and the dry matter distribution ratio of ears at harvest, but the latter three indexes showed a slight downward trend with the increase application amount of biochar. The total dry matter distribution ratio of stems and leaves at harvest stage decreased and 1000-grain weight and harvest index increased first and then decreased with the increase application amount of biochar. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between foxtail millet yield and stem weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.68), the total above-ground weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.71), and the total plant weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.70). Biochar application could also effectively improve the activities of soil catalase, urease, and sucrase, and significantly increase the content of soil available nitrogen and phosphorus, among which C2 (4.5 t hm-2) treatment had a greater improvement. In conclusion, biochar could improve soil quality, increase net photosynthetic rate of foxtail millet at flowering stage, increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products in vegetative organs after flowering, and increase the proportion of dry matter distribution in ears, so as to increase yield of foxtail millet finally.

Key words: biochar, foxtail millet, dry matter, yield, soil physiochemical properties

表1

生物炭及黄土、沙土的性质"

土壤类型
Soil type		 沙粒
Sand (%)		 粉粒
Silt (%)		 黏粒
Clay (%)		 容重BD
(g cm-3)		 全氮
TN (%)		 全磷
TP (%)		 有机质
OM (%)
沙土 Sand soil 94.5 4.4 1.1 1.72 0.07 0.23 0.15
黄土 Loessal soil 8.8 69.1 22.1 1.62 0.12 0.32 0.25
生物炭 Biochar — — — 0.35 1.40 0.46 50.60

图1

生物炭对谷子旗叶光合参数的影响 CK: 生物炭添加量0 t hm-2; C1: 生物炭添加量3.0 t hm-2; C2: 生物炭添加量4.5 t hm-2; C3: 生物炭添加量6.0 t hm-2。同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。Y代表年份, T代表不同处理, Y×T代表年份和处理的交叉作用。"

图2

生物炭对谷子干物质积累的影响 图中A~M分别代表谷子倒一叶(旗叶)、倒二叶、倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶、倒六叶、倒七叶、倒八叶、倒九叶、倒十叶、倒十一叶、倒十二叶、倒十三叶; N、O、P表示谷子收获期单株叶重、茎重和穗重变化。处理同图1。"

表2

生物炭对谷子开花期叶重、茎重和地上部总重的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎重
Stem weight
(g plant-1)		 叶重
Leaf weight
(g plant-1)		 地上部总重
Gross aboveground weight
(g plant-1)
2021 CK 10.64±3.04 a 5.05±1.32 a 19.95±5.67 a
C1 10.70±3.21 a 5.21±1.54 a 19.27±5.67 a
C2 8.33±0.70 a 4.16±0.12 a 15.09±1.15 a
C3 9.03±0.40 a 4.71±0.58 a 16.10±1.51 a
2022 CK 12.59±0.76 a 5.58±0.28 a 21.70±1.34 a
C1 12.91±1.54 a 6.09±0.65 a 23.06±2.63 a
C2 12.96±0.06 a 6.19±0.63 a 23.28±0.93 a
C3 13.37±0.40 a 6.39±0.13 a 23.92±0.64 a
年份Year 0.003 0.010 0.006
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) NS NS NS
年份×生物炭施加量Year×BCA NS NS NS

表3

生物炭对谷子收获期叶重、茎重和地上部总重的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎重
Stem weight
(g plant-1)		 叶重
Leaf weight
(g plant-1)		 地上部总重
Gross aboveground weight
(g plant-1)
2021 CK 7.23±1.59 b 3.28±1.23 a 28.01±7.39 a
C1 10.87±1.40 ab 3.79±0.82 a 37.29±7.70 a
C2 13.17±0.62 a 4.16±0.35 a 39.39±0.57 a
C3 11.53±1.85 ab 3.65±0.66 a 32.70±7.79 a
2022 CK 11.91±2.10 a 4.04±0.78 a 29.55±6.05 a
C1 11.97±2.65 a 4.24±1.12 a 32.40±9.21 a
C2 12.06±2.23 a 4.40±0.72 a 33.32±3.85 a
C3 14.94±2.19 a 4.46±0.94 a 39.04±6.53 a
年份Year NS NS NS
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) NS NS NS
年份×生物炭施加量 Year×BCA NS NS NS

图3

生物炭施加对谷子干物质转运的影响 同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图1。"

图4

生物炭施加对谷子开花期和收获期各营养器官干物质分配比例的影响 同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图1。"

表4

生物炭对对谷子产量、千粒重及收获指数的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index (%)
2021 CK 3409.83±246.27 b 2.46±0.02 a 0.26±0.09 a
C1 3826.67±149.93 ab 2.44±0.06 a 0.21±0.05 a
C2 4093.50±457.87 a 2.30±0.03 b 0.20±0.02 a
C3 4249.83±109.28 a 2.40±0.03 a 0.26±0.06 a
2022 CK 3092.67±175.23 c 2.71±0.01 b 0.21±0.04 a
C1 3931.67±289.44 b 2.72±0.00 b 0.25±0.06 a
C2 4246.50±606.44 ab 2.76±0.01 a 0.25±0.02 a
C3 4753.50±433.89 a 2.68±0.01 c 0.23±0.04 a
年份Year NS NS NS
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) 0 0 NS
年份×生物炭施加量 Year×BCA NS 0.007 NS

表5

产量、生物量和光合参数的相关性"

性状
Trait		 FPPn FPTr FPGs HPGY HPTSW HPSY HPFLH HPSPW HPLW HPSTW HPGAW HPPW FPFLW FPSKW FPLW FPSTW FPGAW FPPW
FPPn 0.44 0.40 0.61 0.68* 0.61 0.60 0.03 0.80** 0.68* 0.37 0.28 0.80** 0.53 0.93** 0.83** 0.84** 0.76*
FPTr 0.97** −0.35 0.90** −0.35 0.54 −0.71* 0.44 0.17 −0.43 −0.52 0.86** 0.48 0.70* 0.84** 0.78* 0.84**
FPGs −0.40 0.91** −0.40 0.53 −0.71* 0.40 0.02 −0.49 −0.57 0.85** 0.49 0.70* 0.82** 0.77* 0.82**
HPGY −0.08 1.00** 0.32 0.52 0.53 0.68* 0.71* 0.70* 0.03 −0.01 0.31 0.09 0.13 0.00
HPTSW −0.08 0.51 −0.62 0.49 0.19 -0.35 −0.43 0.95** 0.49 0.89** 0.92** 0.88** 0.88**
HPSY 0.32 0.52 0.53 0.68* 0.71* 0.70* 0.03 −0.01 0.31 0.09 0.13 0.00
HPFLH −0.10 0.92** 0.69* 0.28 0.21 0.58 0.20 0.60 0.62 0.56 0.54
HPSPW 0.14 0.32 0.89** 0.92** −0.41 −0.16 −0.27 −0.36 −0.31 −0.39
HPLW 0.84** 0.53 0.45 0.64* 0.34 0.71* 0.70* 0.66* 0.62
HPSW 0.71* 0.65* 0.35 0.10 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.34
HPGAW 0.99** −0.11 −0.05 0.04 −0.04 −0.03 −0.10
HPPW −0.21 −0.13 −0.05 −0.14 −0.13 −0.21
FPFLW 0.66* 0.95** 0.99** 0.97** 0.97**
FPSPW 0.63* 0.69* 0.79** 0.81**
FPLW 0.96** 0.96** 0.91**
FPSTW 0.99** 0.98**
FPGAW 0.99**
FPPW

图5

生物炭对土壤理化性质的影响 同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。Y代表年份, T代表不同处理, Y×T代表年份和处理的交叉作用。处理同图1。"

图6

生物炭对土壤酶活性的影响 同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平差异显著。Y代表年份, T代表不同处理, Y×T代表年份和处理的交叉作用。处理同图1。"

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