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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (3): 686-694.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33031

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿洲灌区绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累、分配及产量的影响

尚永盼(), 于爱忠(), 王玉珑, 王鹏飞, 李悦, 柴健, 吕汉强, 杨学慧, 王凤   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-05-16 接受日期:2023-09-13 出版日期:2024-03-12 网络出版日期:2023-09-28
  • 通讯作者: *于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: shangyp1111@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);国家自然科学基金项目(32160524);甘肃省基础研究创新群体项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(GAUfx-04J01)

Effects of green manure application methods on dry matter accumulation, distribution, and yield of maize in oasis irrigation area

SHANG Yong-Pan(), YU Ai-Zhong(), WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, LI Yue, CHAI Jian, LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Feng   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-05-16 Accepted:2023-09-13 Published:2024-03-12 Published online:2023-09-28
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160524);Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(GAUfx-04J01)

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摘要：

研究绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累分配规律及产量的影响, 对优化区域玉米种植制度具有重要意义。2020—2021年在甘肃内陆河绿洲灌区进行田间试验, 研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil, TG)、绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface, NTG)、绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed, T)、绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed, NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure, CT) 5个处理对玉米干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明, NTG和TG处理具有明显的干物质积累优势, 在完熟期二者地上部干物质积累量分别较CT处理显著提高20.2%和17.7%, 较T处理显著提高20.2%和7.3%, 较NT处理显著提高15.7%和13.0%; 同时NTG和TG处理促进了干物质向穗部的分配, 分别较CT处理显著提高10.3%和9.0%; 通过Logistic方程拟合发现, NTG、TG处理的玉米干物质最大增长速率(Vmax)和平均增长速率(Vmean)分别较CT处理显著提高36.6%、24.8%和20.2%、17.7%; 且NTG和TG处理增产效果显著, 分别较CT处理增产24.9%和25.7%, 增产主要归因于穗粒数的提高。因此, 绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于促进玉米干物质积累与分配, 提高产量, 其中绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出, 可作为该区推荐的绿肥还田利用方式。

关键词: 绿肥, 干物质积累, 干物质分配, 产量

Abstract:

The study of green manure application methods on the accumulation and distribution of maize dry matter and yield has significant implications for optimizing regional maize cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in the inland river oasis irrigation area of Gansu province, China, from 2020 to 2021 to investigate the effects of five treatments, including tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface (NTG), tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed (T), no-tillage with above ground manure removed (NT), and conventional tillage and leisure (CT), on dry matter accumulation, distribution, and yield of maize. The results showed that the NTG and TG treatments had significant advantages in dry matter accumulation, with above-ground dry matter accumulation increasing by 20.2% and 17.7%, respectively, compared with CT treatment at the fully mature stage. The above-ground dry matter accumulations of NTG and TG treatments were also significantly higher than T and NT treatments, with the increases of 20.2% and 7.3%, and 15.7% and 13.0%, respectively. In addition, NTG and TG treatments promoted the distribution of dry matter to the ear, increasing by 10.3% and 9.0%, respectively, compared with CT treatment. By fitting the Logistic equation, we found that the maximum growth rate (Vmax) and average growth rate (Vmean) of maize dry matter in the NTG and TG treatments were significantly higher than CT treatment, with the increase of 36.6%, 24.8%, and 20.2%, 17.7%, respectively. The NTG and TG treatments also significantly increased yield by 24.9% and 25.7%, respectively, compared with CT treatment, mainly attributed to the increase in the number of grains per ear. Therefore, no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface and tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in soil treatments were beneficial for promoting dry matter accumulation and distribution and increasing yield of maize, with the former being the most effective and recommended green manure application method in this area.

Key words: green manure, dry matter accumulation, dry matter distribution, yield

图1

2020-2021年试验站作物生育期内日降雨量及日均温变化"

表1

试验处理及代码"

处理代码
Treatment code		 处理
Treatment
TG 春小麦7月收获后复种箭筈豌豆, 10月全量翻压, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米。
Planting Vicia sativa after spring wheat harvest in July, tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year.
NTG 春小麦7月收获后复种箭筈豌豆, 10月地表覆盖免耕, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米。
Planting Vicia sativa after spring wheat harvest in July, no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year.
T 春小麦7月收获后复种箭筈豌豆, 10月地上部收获移除根茬翻压, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米。
Planting Vicia sativa after spring wheat harvest in July, harvesting and removing above ground green manure and tillage with root incorporated in the soil in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year.
NT 春小麦7月收获后复种箭筈豌豆, 10月地上部收获移除免耕, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米。
Planting Vicia sativa after spring wheat harvest in July, no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested and removed in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year.
CT 春小麦收获后传统翻耕、休闲。
Conventional tillage and leisure without green manure after spring wheat harvest.

图2

不同处理下玉米干物质积累量动态 TG: 绿肥全量翻压; NTG: 绿肥地表覆盖免耕; T: 绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压; NT: 绿肥地上部移除免耕; CT: 传统翻耕、休闲。误差线表示LSD值。"

表2

不同处理下玉米地上部干物质积累的Logistic方程回归分析"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 回归方程
Regression equation		 最大增长速率
Maximum increase rate
(Vmax, kg hm-2 d-1)		 最大增长速率
出现的时间
Time of Vmax (t50, d)		 平均增长速率
Mean increase rate
(Vmean, kg hm-2 d-1)		 R2
2020 CT Y=30743/(1+e5.118-0.052t) 399.2 d 98.5 a 186.9 c 0.997
T Y=33142/(1+e5.657-0.058t) 480.7 bc 97.5 a 199.6 b 0.999
NT Y=32742/(1+e5.444-0.054t) 445.2 cd 100.1 a 197.5 c 0.998
NTG Y=35791/(1+e6.580-0.066t) 590.7 a 99.7 a 214.5 a 0.998
TG Y=35657/(1+e5.513-0.056t) 497.3 b 98.8 a 211.6 a 0.999
2021 CT Y=28733/(1+e4.601-0.045t) 323.2 d 102.2 a 159.7 c 0.987
T Y=32584/(1+e4.820-0.049t) 399.2 c 98.4 c 190.8 b 0.997
NT Y=29724/(1+e4.640-0.046t) 341.8 d 100.9 b 168.8 c 0.995
NTG Y=37641/(1+e5.889-0.058t) 545.8 a 101.5 a 219.8 a 0.995
TG Y=36125/(1+e5.116-0.051t) 460.6 b 100.3 bc 209.1 a 0.995

图3

不同处理下玉米各器官干物质分配比率"

图4

不同处理下玉米籽粒产量 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一年份各处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著; 误差线表示标准差(n = 3)。"

表3

不同处理玉米籽粒产量与产量因素的相关系数和通径系数"

指标
Index		 与籽粒产量的简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient with yield		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient
X1 X2 X3
X1 0.771** 0.099 — 0.698 -0.027
X2 0.856** 0.809 0.085 — -0.038
X3 0.638** -0.049 0.054 0.633 —
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