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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 251-264.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33018

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    

施氮与种间距离下大豆/玉米带状套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响

杨立达(), 任俊波, 彭新月, 杨雪丽, 罗凯, 陈平, 袁晓婷, 蒲甜, 雍太文*(), 杨文钰   

  1. 四川农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心, 四川成都611130
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-23 接受日期:2023-09-13 出版日期:2024-01-12 网络出版日期:2023-09-20
  • 通讯作者: *雍太文, E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1250526375@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF1000500);国家自然科学基金项目(31872856);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(大豆, CARS-04-PS20)

Crop growth characteristics and its effects on yield formation through nitrogen application and interspecific distance in soybean/maize strip relay intercropping

YANG Li-Da(), REN Jun-Bo, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Xue-Li, LUO Kai, CHEN Ping, YUAN Xiao-Ting, PU Tian, YONG Tai-Wen*(), YANG Wen-Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-03-23 Accepted:2023-09-13 Published:2024-01-12 Published online:2023-09-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFF1000500);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872856);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(大豆, CARS-04-PS20)

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摘要：

为明确施氮和种间距离下套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响。本文以大豆/玉米带状套作系统为研究主体, 探究不同氮水平(施氮与不施氮)与种间距离(玉豆间距30、45、60和75 cm、单作100 cm)下作物生长率、干物质积累与分配及产量差异, 并对作物干物质积累过程进行拟合, 综合分析作物生长规律和产量效益。结果表明: 玉米生长率在抽雄期至乳熟期达最大, 不施氮下以间距30 cm (MS30)最高, 较玉米单作(MM100)高出34.99%。套作大豆生长率在初花期前显著低于单作(SS100), 而初花期后高于SS100, 以间距60 cm (MS60)最高, 盛花期—盛荚期在不施氮下较SS100高出78.91%。Logistic方程可较好的拟合玉米、大豆的干物质积累过程, 且R2均在0.95以上。与不施氮相比, 施氮推迟了玉米干物质积累高峰, 提高了干物质积累量; 套作大豆生育前期干物质积累慢于单作, 而生育后期间距45 cm (MS45)、MS60干物质积累逐渐与单作持平甚至超过单作。施氮提高了玉米籽粒干物质分配率而显著提高产量, 2年间玉米产量分别提高10.05%、40.90%。随种间距离增加套作大豆产量呈先增后减趋势, 以MS60最高, MS30最低, MS60两年间在不施氮与施氮下较MS30分别平均高出23.88%、31.77%。套作下土地当量比均在1.35以上, 其中以施氮下MS60最大(1.89)。适宜的种间距离(间距60 cm)可实现套作下玉米和大豆协同生长, 提高作物生长率、促进干物质积累与分配、提高系统产量和土地当量比。

关键词: 大豆/玉米带状套作, 种间距离, 作物生长特性, 干物质积累与分配, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify relay intercropping crop growth characteristics and its effects on yield formation under nitrogen application and interspecific distance. In this study, the soybean/maize strip relay intercropping system was used as the main body, to explore the crop growth rate, dry mater accumulation, and distribution, and yield differences under different nitrogen levels (nitrogen application and no nitrogen application) and interspecific distance (the spacing of soybean 30, 45, 60, 75, and 100 cm mono-cropping), to fit the process of crop dry mater accumulation, and comprehensively analyze the crop growth law and yield benefit. The results showed that the maximum growth rate of maize was reached from male stage to milking stage, and the maximum growth rate was 30 cm (MS30) without nitrogen application, which was 34.99% higher than that of monoculture maize (MM100). The growth rate of relay intercropping was significantly lower than that of monoculture soybean (SS100) before the first flowering stage, but higher than that of SS100 after the first flowering stage, with the highest spacing of 60 cm (MS60), and 78.91% higher than that of SS100 from full flowering stage to full pod stage without nitrogen application. The logistic equation could fit well the matter accumulation process of maize and soybean, and the R2 were all above 0.95. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application delayed the accumulation peak and increased the biomass of maize. The matter accumulation of intercropping soybean was slower than monoculture at the early growth stage, but MS45 and MS60 were gradually equal to or even exceeded monoculture soybean at later growth stage. Nitrogen application increased the dry matter allocation rate to the grain, and maize yield increased by 10.05% and 40.90% in two years, respectively. With the increase of interspecific distance, soybean yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest value in MS60 and the lowest value in MS30. In the two years, soybean yield in MS60 was 23.88% and 31.77% higher than MS30 under no nitrogen application and nitrogen application, respectively. The land equivalent ratio under relay intercropping was all above 1.35, among which MS60 under nitrogen application was the largest (1.89). The suitable interspecific distance (interspecific distance 60 cm) under relay intercropping can realize the cooperative growth of maize and soybean, increase crop growth rate, promote the accumulation and distribution of matter, and improve the system yield and land equivalent ratio.

Key words: soybean/maize strip relay intercropping, interspecific distance, crop growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield

图1

试验地2020-2021年的日照时数和平均温度"

图2

大豆/玉米带状套作及单作种植模式图 MS30、MS45、MS60、MS75 分别表示套作玉米大豆种间距离30、45、60和75 cm; MM100、SS100分别表示单作玉米、大豆行距100 cm。"

表1

施氮水平及施氮方式明细表"

种植模式
Planting pattern		 施氮处理
Nitrogen application		 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 底肥
Base fertilizer		 追肥
Top dressing
玉米单作
Monoculture maize		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 180 72 108
大豆单作
Monoculture soybean		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 60 60 0
大豆/玉米带状套作
Soybean/maize strip intercropping		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 240 132 108

图3

施氮量和种间距离下玉米群体生长速率变化(2021年) 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。"

图4

施氮量和种间距离下大豆群体生长速率变化 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。"

图5

施氮量和种间距离下玉米生长率变化(2021年) 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。V6: 六叶期; VT: 抽雄期; R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期; R4: 蜡熟期; R6: 成熟期。不同小写字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图6

施氮量和种间距离下大豆生长率变化 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。V5: 分枝期; R1: 初花期; R2: 盛花期; R4: 盛荚期; R5: 始粒期; R8: 完熟期。不同小写字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图7

施氮量和种间距离下玉米干物质积累变化(2021年) 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。"

图8

施氮量和种间距离下大豆干物质积累变化 施氮处理同表1, 种间距离处理同图2。"

表2

2021年施氮量和种间距离下玉米干物质积累的特征参数"

处理
Treatment		 最大干物质
积累速率时间
Tmax (d)		 干物质积累速率
最大时生长量
Wmax (g)		 最大干物质
积累速率
Vmax (g plant-1 d-1)		 平均干物质
积累速率
Vmean (g plant-1 d-1)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
MS30 66.78 a 76.69 a 75.69 ab 144.27 b 4.09 b 5.72 b 1.37 c 2.12 b
MS45 62.36 a 76.71 a 66.80 b 156.01 b 4.30 b 6.44 a 1.41 bc 2.33 a
MS60 69.53 a 76.34 a 91.11 a 161.65 ab 4.61 ab 6.54 a 1.57 ab 2.40 a
MS75 64.80 a 78.31 a 85.57 ab 161.84 ab 4.85 a 6.63 a 1.61 a 2.38 a
MM100 64.49 a 80.81 a 79.55 ab 173.12 a 4.55 ab 6.48 a 1.50 abc 2.41 a
施氮量N application (N) 2.09 ns 71.93** 180.46** 314.67**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 0.47 ns 1.86 ns 7.30** 8.08**
种间距离×施氮量N×I 1.03 ns 0.52 ns 1.55 ns 0.60 ns

表3

施氮量和种间距离下大豆干物质积累的特征参数"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 最大干物质
积累速率时间
Tmax (d)		 干物质积累速率
最大时生长量
Wmax (g)		 最大干物质
积累速率
Vmax (g plant-1 d-1)		 平均干物质
积累速率
Vmean (g plant-1 d-1)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 91.08 ab 85.28 a 33.19 c 25.43 c 1.26 b 1.05 b 0.43 a 0.36 b
MS45 94.24 a 80.63 a 41.99 ab 34.01 bc 1.25 b 1.32 ab 0.49 a 0.48 a
MS60 85.99 ab 84.90 a 43.57 a 42.59 a 1.52 a 1.46 a 0.57 a 0.55 a
MS75 81.21 ab 83.17 a 35.53 bc 35.17 b 1.52 a 1.18 b 0.52 a 0.46 a
SS100 76.27 b 75.95 a 38.22 ab 35.21 ab 1.40 a 1.34 ab 0.55 a 0.51 a
施氮量N application (N) 1.72 ns 6.31* 1.02 ns 0.04 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 2.17 ns 10.21** 6.28* 3.24*
种间距离×施氮量N×I 1.37 ns 0.78 ns 1.02 ns 1.24 ns
2021 MS30 107.05 a 102.71 ab 34.21 b 23.98 b 1.01 a 0.69 b 0.37 a 0.26 b
MS45 99.24 b 110.82 a 32.51 b 40.28 a 1.05 a 1.11 a 0.38 a 0.41 a
MS60 108.16 a 100.56 ab 42.05 a 38.37 a 1.19 a 1.17 a 0.44 a 0.43 a
MS75 92.32 b 78.77 b 29.32 b 17.44 c 1.00 a 0.69 b 0.36 a 0.25 b
SS100 73.12 c 76.06 b 27.49 b 26.81 b 1.14 a 0.91 ab 0.42 a 0.37 ab
施氮量N application (N) 0.30 ns 0.11 ns 0.06 ns 0.03 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 9.58** 8.45** 5.45* 1.63 ns
种间距离×施氮量N×I 0.81 ns 1.98 ns 1.53 ns 1.75 ns

表4

施氮量和种间距离对玉米各器官干物质分配率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 穗轴 Spike-stalk
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 19.99 b 20.51 b 9.95 a 10.97 a 62.75 ab 60.67 a 7.31 a 7.85 a
MS45 21.04 a 20.52 b 9.93 a 10.45 b 61.34 c 61.62 a 7.69 a 7.41 a
MS60 20.02 b 20.40 b 9.75 a 10.32 b 62.84 ab 61.88 a 7.39 a 7.41 a
MS75 20.61 ab 20.39 b 9.20 b 10.90 a 63.13 a 61.11 a 7.06 a 7.6 a
SS100 21.00 a 21.68 a 9.92 a 10.94 a 61.65 bc 59.25 b 7.42 a 8.13 a
施氮量N application (N) 0.77 ns 122.19** 25.69** 2.47 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 4.71* 4.45* 5.43* 0.62 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.41 ns 5.83* 2.99 ns 0.93 ns
2021 MS30 28.97 b 25.55 a 15.13 a 13.11 a 46.34 cd 52.46 b 9.57 ab 8.88 a
MS45 30.91 a 25.34 a 14.03 b 12.32 ab 45.08 d 53.28 b 9.98 ab 9.06 a
MS60 26.86 c 24.04 b 12.76 c 12.23 ab 50.67 a 55.06 a 9.71 ab 8.66 a
MS75 29.14 b 25.09 a 13.56 bc 12.78 a 47.82 b 53.57 b 9.47 b 8.56 a
SS100 28.54 b 24.14 b 13.74 bc 11.66 b 47.50 bc 55.30 a 10.22 a 8.91 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 446.16** 29.50** 554.30** 39.63**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 22.15** 6.13* 24.47** 1.80 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 5.94* 2.04 ns 6.49* 0.44 ns

表5

施氮量和种间距离对大豆各器官干物质分配率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 荚 Pod
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 33.75 bc 34.84 a 21.58 a 22.68 a 25.58 b 23.35 c 19.08 a 19.12 ab
MS45 31.31 c 35.66 a 21.14 a 22.18 ab 26.72 b 24.40 bc 20.83 a 17.76 bc
MS60 34.91 b 34.11 a 16.28 b 14.21 c 30.17 a 31.20 a 18.64 a 20.47 a
MS75 35.00 b 37.28 a 17.68 b 19.35 b 28.08 ab 26.69 b 19.24 a 16.68 c
SS100 39.08 a 35.22 a 16.91 b 20.61 ab 28.27 ab 25.81 bc 15.74 b 16.68 c
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 0.64 ns 3.15 ns 4.39* 1.38 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 3.07* 16.26** 8.97** 6.66*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 3.36* 2.25 ns 0.86 ns 4.08*
2021 MS30 26.08 b 27.16 c 20.18 a 19.16 a 31.68 c 30.82 b 22.06 a 22.86 ab
MS45 25.18 b 25.63 cd 15.30 bc 19.26 a 37.32 ab 31.37 b 22.20 a 23.74 a
MS60 22.59 c 23.62 d 15.91 bc 16.34 ab 39.35 a 37.29 a 22.16 a 22.75 ab
MS75 25.66 b 30.40 b 19.17 ab 16.81 ab 34.17 bc 30.49 b 21.01 ab 22.30 ab
SS100 33.85 a 34.97 a 14.03 c 13.45 b 32.88 bc 31.45 b 19.23 b 20.13 b
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 9.53** 0.01 ns 7.80* 3.02 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 48.83** 5.09* 6.37* 3.86*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.01 ns 1.48 ns 0.84 ns 0.08 ns

表6

施氮量和种间距离对玉米产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效株数
Effective plants
(Ten thousand plants hm-2)		 单穗粒数
Number of grains per panicle		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 5.52 a 5.37 a 388.20 b 401.22 b 323.41 b 342.21 a
MS45 5.50 ab 5.27 a 363.80 bc 384.84 bc 322.44 b 361.96 a
MS60 5.37 ab 5.33 a 359.76 bc 388.98 bc 337.57 ab 351.86 a
MS75 5.20 b 5.40 a 348.09 c 360.42 c 328.81 b 355.34 a
MM100 5.40 ab 5.60 a 445.61 a 467.31 a 349.47 a 357.63 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 0.20 ns 8.48** 23.84**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 1.26 ns 27.78** 2.27 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.93 ns 1.05 ns 1.52 ns
2021 MS30 5.39 a 5.40 a 378.85 a 527.31 a 279.23 b 316.78 a
MS45 5.07 c 5.27 a 376.71 a 546.11 a 281.22 b 309.81 a
MS60 5.46 ab 5.37 a 292.2 a 541.49 a 299.63 a 323.60 a
MS75 5.17 bc 5.37 a 353.59 ab 506.28 a 282.78 a 317.69 a
MM100 5.43 abc 5.30 a 355.69 ab 520.47 a 286.79 ab 313.74 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 1.80 ns 166.47** 101.63**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 0.32 ns 1.35 ns 3.36*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.07 ns 1.82 ns 0.70 ns

表7

施氮量和种间距离对大豆产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效株数
Effective plants
(Ten thousand plants hm-2)		 单株粒数
Number of plants per panicle		 百粒重
100-seed weight
(g)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 8.87 ab 9.03 a 104.57 c 83.27 c 16.30 b 14.64 c
MS45 9.33 a 8.53 a 108.10 c 102.90 b 15.87 b 16.21 b
MS60 8.47 b 8.30 ab 131.03 b 128.93 ab 16.50 b 15.72 bc
MS75 8.53 b 8.53 a 118.63 bc 128.47 ab 15.61 b 15.20 bc
SS100 7.00 c 7.57 b 159.10 a 142.86 a 18.89 a 18.06 a
施氮量N application (N) 0.60 ns 3.07 ns 7.06*
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 12.88** 24.53** 20.17**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.40 ns 1.88 ns 1.67 ns
2021 MS30 8.13 b 7.13 b 101.20 b 104.63 bc 17.21 b 18.34 a
MS45 8.93 a 8.27 a 105.56 b 107.53 bc 17.68 b 19.28 a
MS60 8.40 ab 8.50 a 134.33 a 121.70 ab 18.15 ab 18.67 a
MS75 9.10 a 8.10 a 111.18 b 95.40 c 17.94 ab 18.58 a
SS100 8.20 b 7.93 a 148.03 a 140.30 a 19.05 a 18.95 a
施氮量N application (N) 4.20 ns 2.23 ns 8.53**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 6.16* 15.95** 2.28 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.03 ns 0.87 ns 1.24 ns

表8

施氮量和种间距离对玉米、大豆产量(t hm-2)及LER的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean 土地当量比 LER
不施氮NN 施氮CN 不施氮NN 施氮CN 不施氮NN 施氮CN
2020 MS30 7.10 b 7.37 b 1.51 c 1.10 d 1.56 1.35
MS45 6.45 bc 7.34 b 1.60 bc 1.42 c 1.53 1.51
MS60 6.52 bc 7.29 b 1.82 b 1.68 b 1.64 1.64
MS75 5.95 c 6.93 b 1.58 bc 1.66 bc 1.46 1.59
MM/SS100 8.43 a 9.37 a 2.10 a 1.95 a ― ―
施氮量N application (N) 13.06** 8.88**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 15.92** 19.68**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.02 ns 2.08 ns
2021 MS30 5.99 a 9.03 a 1.42 d 1.37 d 1.69 1.58
MS45 5.37 ab 8.91 a 1.66 cd 1.71 bc 1.68 1.73
MS60 4.89 b 9.42 a 2.05 ab 1.93 ab 1.77 1.89
MS75 5.17 ab 8.63 a 1.81 bc 1.42 cd 1.71 1.57
MM/SS100 5.56 ab 9.66 a 2.31 a 2.11 a ― ―
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 274.22** 4.75*
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 1.32 ns 19.69**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.33 ns 1.30 ns
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