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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 161-171.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34070

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

带宽和株距对带状间作大豆物质积累分配及产量形成的影响

袁晓婷(), 王甜, 罗凯, 刘姗姗, 彭新月, 杨立达, 蒲甜, 王小春, 杨文钰, 雍太文*()   

  1. 四川农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心, 四川成都 611130
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-10 接受日期:2023-06-29 出版日期:2024-01-12 网络出版日期:2023-07-21
  • 通讯作者: *雍太文, E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 2536403834@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04-PS20);四川省科技计划项目(21NZZH0063)

Effects of bandwidth and plant spacing on biomass accumulation and allocation and yield formation in strip intercropping soybean

YUAN Xiao-Ting(), WANG Tian, LUO Kai, LIU Shan-Shan, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Li-Da, PU Tian, WANG Xiao-Chun, YANG Wen-Yu, YONG Tai-Wen*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-04-10 Accepted:2023-06-29 Published:2024-01-12 Published online:2023-07-21
  • Contact: *E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Agriculture Research System of China of MOF and MARA(CARS-04-PS20);Science and Technology Plan of Sichuan(21NZZH0063)

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摘要：

间套作系统中合理的田间配置能改善作物生长环境, 增加系统产量。为进一步完善西南地区大豆-玉米带状间作系统高产高效的田间配置技术, 本研究以大豆-玉米带状间作为研究对象, 采用二因素裂区试验设计, 综合分析2.0 m (B1)和2.4 m (B2) 2个带宽与9 cm (P1)、11 cm (P2)、14 cm (P3)、18 cm (P4) 4个株距对大豆物质积累分配、籽粒灌浆和产量的影响。结果表明, B2带宽下各株距处理的净光合速率均高于B1, 其2年平均值在B2下较B1增加14.26%; 相同带宽下净光合速率在B1P4和B2P4达到最大, 开花期较B1P1和B2P1增加13.57%和25.21%。2个带宽下大豆群体物质积累均随株距增加呈先增后减的趋势且分别在B1P3和B2P2下达到最大, 完熟期B2较B1增加9.82%~22.08%。同时, 带宽与株距的增加促进了大豆花后物质的积累与向籽粒的转移, 与B1相比, B2处理使大豆花后干物质积累量与干物质转移量分别增加13.82%~28.01%和13.38%~37.76%, 籽粒物质积累占比增加到41.80%~44.26%。物质积累的增加改善籽粒灌浆过程, B2带宽下籽粒灌浆活跃期(D)较B1延长2~3 d; 2种带宽下平均灌浆速率均在P4达到最大且分别较P1增加5.80%和6.58%。产量结果表明, 大豆-玉米带状间作模式中, 带宽和株距的增加降低了群体有效株数, 增加了单株粒数和百粒重; B2带宽下的大豆产量较B1增加22.32%~36.87%, 2个带宽下分别在B1P3和B2P2达到最大值, 2年间较B1P1和B2P1增加17.83%~26.44%和10.71%~10.76%。综上所述, 2.4 m带宽下大豆株距为11 cm时能有效改善大豆花后干物质积累和分配, 促进籽粒灌浆, 增加单株粒数和百粒重, 提高大豆群体产量, 实现大豆-玉米带状间作系统的高产高效。

关键词: 间作大豆, 带宽, 株距, 物质积累, 产量

Abstract:

Reasonable field configuration can improve crop growth environment and increase system yield in intercropping systems. To further improve the field configuration technology for high yield and efficiency in the soybean-maize strip intercropping system in Southwest China, the soybean-maize strip intercropping system was used as the research object, and two factor split zone design was adopted. The effects of two bandwidths of 2.0 m (B1) and 2.4 m (B2) and four plant spacings of 9 cm (P1), 11 cm (P2), 14 cm (P3), and 18 cm (P4) on soybean biomass accumulation, allocation, grain filling, and yield were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of each plant spacing treatment under B2 bandwidth was higher than that of B1, and the two-year average increased by 14.26% compared with B1 under B2. At the same bandwidth, the net photosynthetic rate reached the maximum in B1P4 and B2P4, which increased by 13.57% and 25.21% compared with B1P1 and B2P1 at flowering stage, respectively. The biomass accumulation of soybean population increased and then decreased with the increase of plant spacing under the two bandwidths, and reached the maximum at B1P3 and B2P2, respectively, and B2 increased by 9.82%-22.08% compared with B1 at maturity stage. And the increase of bandwidth and plant spacing promoted the accumulation and transfer of soybean post-flowering matter to grain. Compared with B1, post-flowering dry matter accumulation and dry matter transfer increased by 13.82-28.01% and 13.38%-37.76% under B2 treatment, respectively, and the proportion of grain matter accumulation increased to 41.80%-44.26%. The increase of biomass accumulation improved the grain filling process, and the active grain-filling period (D) of soybean under B2 was extended by 2-3 days compared with B1. The mean grain-filling rate reached its maximum at P4 and increased by 5.80% and 6.58% compared with P1 under the two bandwidths. The yield results showed that, with the increase of bandwidth and plant spacing, the effective plants decreased, and the seeds per plan and 100-seed weight increased in the soybean-maize strip intercropping model. The soybean yield under B2 bandwidth increased by 22.32%-36.87% compared with B1, it reached the maximum in B1P3 and B2P2 under the two bandwidths, respectively, and increased by 17.83%-26.44% and 10.71%-10.76% compared with B1P1 and B2P1 for two years. In summary, the soybean plant spacing of 11 cm at the bandwidth of 2.4 m can effectively improve the post-flowering dry matter accumulation and allocation, promote grain filling, increase the number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight, improve soybean population yield, and achieve the high yield and high efficiency in the soybean-maize intercropping system.

Key words: intercropping soybean, bandwidth, plant spacing, biomass accumulation, yield

表1

带宽和株距对大豆产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 带宽
Bandwidth		 株距
Plant spacing		 有效株数
Effective plants		 单株粒数
Seeds per plant		 百粒重
100-seed weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2018 B1 P1 93,967±1590 a 52.5±4.1 c 19.4±0.4 b 956.8±76.4 b
P2 86,467±1443 b 62.2±2.7 b 20.5±0.4 a 1101.4±40.7 a
P3 80,356±1273 c 73.4±3.7 a 20.5±0.1 a 1209.8±56.6 a
B2 P1 86,930±802 a 79.6±5.5 b 20.3±0.4 a 1407.0±96.9 b
P2 84,485±549 b 85.5±0.8 b 20.9±0.4 a 1558.4±122 a
P3 78,270±345 c 95.1±3.4 a 20.9±0.9 a 1507.3±15.2 ab
2019 B1 P1 91,280±1342 a 60.6±2.1 d 18.1±0.5 b 1004.1±43.1 b
P2 84,265±2585 b 66.7±4.6 c 18.4±0.2 b 1034.0±47.4 b
P3 78,278±1812 c 77.7±2.5 b 19.5±0.5 a 1183.1±25.4 a
P4 61,557±511 d 93.3±2.9 a 19.8±0.3 a 1136.4±29.4 a
B2 P1 85,041±749 a 78.8±2.7 d 18.8±0.6 b 1260.9±36.8 c
P2 82,357±1699 b 87.6±2.2 c 19.4±0.5 ab 1395.9±13.4 a
P3 71,496±882 c 96.4±2.5 b 19.8±0.3 a 1366.0±6.3 ab
P4 58,597±1221 d 111.8±2.7 a 20.0±0.3 a 1307.6±61.5 bc
年份Year (Y) 40.6** 8.8** 80.1** 17.8**
带宽Bandwidth (B) 1.7** 388.4** 15.2** 290.8**
株距Plant spacing (P) 4.5** 87.9** 13.6** 26.0**
Y×B 1.9 4.6* 0.1 11.7**
Y×P 2.5 0.1 1.8 0.8
B×P 8.5** 0.4 0.7 3.3
Y×B×P 3.4* 0.9 0.6 1.4

图1

不同生育时期下带宽和株距对大豆净光合速率的影响 处理同表1。R2: 盛花期; R5: 始粒期。不同小写字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图2

不同生育时期下带宽和株距对大豆干物质积累的影响 处理同表1。V5: 五节期; R1: 初花期; R3: 始荚期; R5: 始粒期; R8: 完熟期。不同小写字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图3

不同生育时期下带宽和株距对大豆干物质分配的影响 处理和时期同图2。不同小写字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表2

带宽和株距对花后干物质积累与转运的影响"

年份Year 带宽
Band width		 株距
Plant spacing		 花后干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation after flowering
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移量
Dry matter transfer amount
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移率
Dry matter transfer ratio (%)		 转移干物质
对荚果贡献率
Transfer dry matter to pod contribution ratio (%)
2018 B1 P1 2231.3±190 b 833.4±77.6 a 37.70±1.94 a 41.88±3.68 a
P2 2344.8±171.2 ab 900.1±149.4 a 39.49±3.89 a 42.92±4.04 a
P3 2468.3±164.8 a 828.2±75.3 a 37.83±2.94 a 38.45±4.16 a
B2 P1 2770.9±22.0 b 1189.6±100.8 a 43.47±1.45 a 47.36±3.79 a
P2 3095.0±62.7 a 1180.7±55.5 a 42.39±1.52 a 44.16±2.52 a
P3 3150.8±87.9 a 1158.7±141.6 a 41.75±2.18 a 43.31±5.74 a
2019 B1 P1 1911.0±168.1 b 745.6±28.9 a 38.33±1.15 a 41.75±1.18 a
P2 1931.5±169.7 b 756.3±38.4 a 39.22±2.52 a 41.28±3.19 ab
P3 2202.1±69.7 a 657.9±74.7 a 35.21±3.22 a 33.21±4.92 b
P4 2086.4±145.6 ab 461.8±70.5 b 27.79±2.83 b 24.78±2.51 c
B2 P1 2376.3±234.8 ab 820.7±104.9 a 39.45±3.93 a 37.09±6.72 a
P2 2569.6±52.7 a 732.6±122.0 a 35.58±3.98 a 31.22±5.14 a
P3 2203.6±76.5 bc 745.6±96.3 a 39.65±3.84 a 35.82±4.87 a
P4 2105.5±61.1 c 673.4±145.6 a 38.04±3.99 a 33.63±6.96 a
年份Year (Y) 107.02** 72.41** 6.88* 18.39**
带宽Band width (B) 123.29** 33.28** 6.27* 0.01
株距Plant spacing (P) 6.33** 0.98 0.46 2.90
Y×B 9.80** 18.65** 3.39 7.26*
Y×P 2.44 0.47 0.31 0.17
B×P 4.86* 0.77 2.12 2.60
Y×B×P 4.51* 0.08 1.20 0.94

图4

不同带宽和株距处理下籽粒增重进程与籽粒灌浆速率 处理同表1。A和B分别表示2019年籽粒增重进程和灌浆速率。"

表3

不同带宽和株距处理下大豆籽粒灌浆特征参数"

年份Year 带宽
Band width		 株距
Plant spacing		 Tmax
(d)		 Wmax
(mg g-1)		 Vmax
(mg g-1 d-1)		 Vmean
(mg g-1 d-1)		 D
(d)
2018 B1 P1 62.9±0.78 ab 10.3±0.44 a 0.69±0.025 a 0.212±0.002 b 44.7±3.5 b
P2 63.1±0.56 a 10.6±0.44 a 0.69±0.029 a 0.216±0.008 ab 45.9±0.8 ab
P3 62.9±0.73 ab 10.6±0.57 a 0.68±0.026 a 0.215±0.009 ab 46.8±0.7 ab
B2 P1 63.1±0.61 ab 10.7±0.18 a 0.68±0.021 a 0.216±0.003 ab 46.8±1.9 ab
P2 63.0±0.28 ab 10.9±0.19 a 0.68±0.015 a 0.219±0.002 ab 48.0±1.6 a
P3 62.1±0.46 b 10.8±0.18 a 0.70±0.019 a 0.222±0.004 a 46.1±1.0 ab
2019 B1 P1 58.6±0.22 a 9.22±0.16 f 0.89±0.015 a 0.224±0.003 f 31.1±0.5 b
P2 58.4±0.17 ab 9.29±0.06 ef 0.90±0.041 a 0.226±0.003 ef 31.1±1.6 b
P3 58.4±0.16 ab 9.57±0.13 cd 0.90±0.046 a 0.231±0.002 cd 31.8±2.0 ab
P4 58.2±0.23 bc 9.79±0.08 b 0.93±0.016 a 0.237±0.002 b 31.7±0.6 ab
B2 P1 58.6±0.24 a 9.46±0.13 de 0.89±0.01 a 0.228±0.001 de 31.8±0.7 ab
P2 58.7±0.35 a 9.78±0.15 bc 0.89±0.028 a 0.233±0.001 c 33.1±1.5 ab
P3 58.3±0.22 abc 9.98±0.08 ab 0.89±0.035 a 0.238±0.003 b 33.5±1.5 a
P4 58.0±0.23 c 10.06±0.16 a 0.93±0.007 a 0.243±0.002 a 32.6±0.7 ab
年份 (Y) 822.76** 146.09** 487.17** 94.01** 679.82**
带宽 (B) 0.22 13.10** 0.06 13.75** 5.69*
株距 (P) 3.07 4.87* 0.15 8.01** 1.36
Y×B 1.20 0.30 0.13 0.27 0.08
Y×P 0.60 0.83 0.02 0.84 0.30
B×P 1.28 0.08 0.34 0.35 0.68
Y×B×P 0.86 0.39 0.49 0.28 1.00
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