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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 207-220.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41025

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减氮及有机肥替代对旱地冬小麦干物质积累、转运、分配和产量的影响

张军1,2(), 胡川1, 周起晖1, 任开明1, 董誓言1, 刘傲寒1, 吴金芝1, 黄明1,*(), 李友军1,*()   

  1. 1河南科技大学农学院, 河南洛阳 471023
    2商洛学院生物医药与食品工程学院, 陕西商洛 726000
  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18 接受日期:2024-08-15 出版日期:2025-01-12 网络出版日期:2024-08-26
  • 通讯作者: 黄明,李友军
  • 作者简介:E-mail: bjzhangjun@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300700);河南省科技攻关项目(222102110087);河南省科技攻关项目(232102111009);河南省旱地绿色智慧农业特色骨干学科群建设项目(17100001)

Effects of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, and yield of dryland winter wheat

ZHANG Jun1,2(), HU Chuan1, ZHOU Qi-Hui1, REN Kai-Ming1, DONG Shi-Yan1, LIU Ao-Han1, WU Jin-Zhi1, HUANG Ming1,*(), LI You-Jun1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
    2College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2024-03-18 Accepted:2024-08-15 Published:2025-01-12 Published online:2024-08-26
  • Contact: HUANG Ming,LI You-Jun
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300700);Science and Technology Research Project of Henan(222102110087);Science and Technology Research Project of Henan(232102111009);Dryland Green Wisdom Agriculture Key Group Construction Project of Henan(17100001)

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摘要：

探究减氮及有机肥替代对旱地冬小麦产量形成和经济效益的影响, 为实施化肥减量和有机肥替代提供理论和技术依据。2021—2023年度, 基于2019年开始设置在黄土高原和黄淮海平原交汇处典型旱地冬小麦产区(河南洛宁和河南孟津)的定位试验, 研究了冬小麦干物质积累转运分配特性、氮肥干物质生产效率、产量及其构成要素和经济效益。试验设置不施氮肥(NN)、农户施氮(FN)、基于FN减氮20% (RN)和RN基础上20%氮肥用有机肥替代(OSN) 4个处理。结果表明: (1) 与FN相比, RN处理降低了小麦拔节期、开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量以及成熟期茎鞘、穂轴+颖壳和籽粒的干物质分配量, 但对籽粒产量无显著影响。(2) 与FN和RN相比, OSN处理提高了各生育阶段的氮肥干物质生产效率, 从而增加了拔节期、开花期、成熟期的干物质积累量, 而且提高了花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率, 进而使成熟期地上部各器官的干物质分配量均得到显著提高, 最终使籽粒产量分别显著增加15.03%和17.12%, 经济效益增加3.84%和4.23%。(3) 小麦产量与花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量和花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率呈极显著正相关, 与花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率呈极显著负相关。综上, 在雨养条件下, 小麦季施氮量为172 kg hm-2 (夏休闲-冬小麦)和192 kg hm-2 (夏玉米-冬小麦)的基础上, OSN处理提高了氮肥干物质生产效率, 增加各生育时期的干物质积累量, 其花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量的协同增加使其获得了最高产量, 实现增产增收, 适宜在产量水平为5000 kg hm-2的雨养旱地冬小麦高产栽培中应用。

关键词: 旱地冬小麦, 减氮, 有机肥替代, 干物质积累转运, 产量, 经济效益

Abstract:

The effects of reducing chemical nitrogen and organic fertilizer substitution on dryland winter wheat yield formation and economic benefit were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the implementation of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution. A field experiment with four treatments: no nitrogen application (NN), farmer nitrogen application (FN), 20% reduction of N fertilizer based on FN (RN), and organic fertilizer substituting 20% nitrogen of RN (OSN)—was conducted at Mengjin and Luoning, Henan province, typical dryland wheat production system at the intersection of the Loess Plateau and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, from 2019 to 2023. The effects of different treatments on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, applied nitrogen dry matter productivity, yield and its components, and economic benefit were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) Compared with FN, RN reduced dry matter accumulation of wheat at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages, as well as pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and dry matter distribution in the stem, spike axis+glume, and grain at maturity, but had no significant effect on grain yield. (2) Compared with FN and RN, OSN increased applied nitrogen dry matter productivity at each growth stage, significantly enhancing dry matter accumulation at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages. OSN also increased pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain. This led to increased dry matter distribution in all aboveground organs at maturity, resulting in a significant grain yield increase of 15.03% and 17.12%, and an economic benefit increase of 3.84% and 4.23%, respectively. (3) Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain, and significantly negatively correlated with the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter translocation to grain. In this research, based on nitrogen application amounts of 172 kg hm-2 (summer fallow-winter wheat) and 192 kg hm-2 (summer maize-winter wheat) during the wheat season under rain-fed conditions, the OSN treatment improved applied nitrogen dry matter productivity and increased dry matter accumulation at each growth stage. The synergistic increase in pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation allowed OSN to achieve the highest yield, making it an optimal fertilizer management practice for high-efficiency and sustainable production of rain-fed dryland winter wheat with a yield level of 5000 kg hm-2.

Key words: dryland winter wheat, reduced chemical nitrogen, organic fertilizer substitution, dry matter accumulation and translocation, yield, economic benefit

表1

小麦主要生育时期干物质积累量的方差分析"

方差分析
ANOVA		 干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (kg hm-2)
拔节期Jointing 开花期 Anthesis 成熟期Maturity
处理 Treatment (T) 14.95** 166.57** 335.57**
地点 Site (S) 2.43 16.08 4713.86**
年度 Year (Y) 111.95** 8.78* 15.07**
T×S 0.97 2.07 11.08
S×Y 308.66** 0.61 0.01
T×Y 100.45** 2.87 2.08
T×S×Y 132.57** 0.16 0.06

图1

不同处理对冬小麦不同生育时期干物质积累量的影响 NN为不施氮肥; FN为农户施氮; RN为基于FN减氮20%; OSN为RN基础上20%氮肥用有机肥替代。不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。** 表示不同生育时期间在0.01概率水平差异显著。"

表2

不同处理对氮肥干物质生产效率的影响"

试验点
Site		 年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (kg hm-2)
拔节期 Jointing 开花期 Anthesis 成熟期 Maturity
洛宁
Luoning		 2021-2022 FN 2.94 b 13.80 b 20.29 b
RN 2.23 c 12.35 b 20.03 b
OSN 5.87 a 17.69 a 29.50 a
2022-2023 FN 3.12 b 13.75 b 19.83 b
RN 2.30 c 11.74 c 18.66 b
OSN 4.80 a 20.54 a 32.08 a
孟津
Mengjin		 2021-2022 FN 2.32 b 12.54 b 18.65 b
RN 1.97 c 11.91 b 18.92 b
OSN 5.35 a 16.89 a 27.96 a
2022-2023 FN 7.22 b 12.39 b 18.28 b
孟津
Mengjin		 2022-2023 RN 2.23 c 10.94 c 17.98 b
OSN 10.45 a 18.22 a 29.54 a
方差分析
ANOVA		 处理 Treatment (T) 12.77 21.39* 53.30*
地点 Site (S) 0.56 12.26 351.35*
年度 Year (Y) 534.30** 1.21 0.19
T×S 0.80 1.65 2.39
S×Y 736.80** 0.84 0.04
T×Y 112.95** 5.77* 6.37**
T×S×Y 175.40** 0.37 0.31

表3

不同处理对花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒贡献率的影响"

试验点
Site		 年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质Pre-anthesis dry matter 花后干物质Post-anthesis dry matter
转运量
Translocation
amount (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)		 积累量
Accumulation
amount (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)
洛宁
Luoning		 2021-2022 NN 1370 c 38.44 a 2193 c 61.56 c
FN 1836 a 35.46 b 3343 b 64.54 b
RN 1733 b 33.75 b 3310 b 66.25 ab
OSN 1860 a 31.54 c 4047 a 68.46 a
2022-2023 NN 1377 d 40.29 a 2041 c 59.71 d
FN 1892 b 37.46 b 3159 b 62.54 c
RN 1721 c 35.21 c 3167 b 64.79 b
OSN 1976 a 33.56 d 3912 a 66.44 a
孟津
Mengjin		 2021-2022 NN 1499 c 38.21 a 2423 c 61.79 c
FN 1942 a 35.17 b 3580 b 64.83 b
RN 1822 b 33.64 b 3593 b 66.36 ab
OSN 1975 a 31.37 c 4322 a 68.63 a
2022-2023 NN 1373 c 37.36 a 2302 c 62.64 d
FN 1782 a 34.08 b 3447 b 65.92 c
RN 1618 b 31.45 c 3527 b 68.55 b
OSN 1835 a 30.05 c 4271 a 69.95 a
方差分析
ANOVA		 处理 Treatment (T) 137.13** 247.85** 2409.64** 233.76**
地点 Site (S) 0.02 1.09 47.86 0.98
年度 Year (Y) 34.20** 2.51 86.44** 1.65
T×S 1.82 0.73 1.18 0.21
S×Y 102.39** 65.19** 7.80** 45.91**
T×Y 3.91* 0.88 1.24 0.62
T×S×Y 1.73 0.29 1.11 0.23

表4

不同处理对成熟期干物质分配量和比例的影响"

试验点
Site		 年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 叶片
Leaf		 茎鞘
Stem		 穂轴+颖壳
Spike axis+glume		 籽粒
Grain
量
Amount
(kg hm-2)		 比例
Rate
(%)		 量
Amount
(kg hm-2)		 比例
Rate
(%)		 量
Amount
(kg hm-2)		 比例
Rate
(%)		 量
Amount
(kg hm-2)		 比例
Rate
(%)
洛宁
Luoning		 2021-2022 NN 1158 d 13.59 a 2571 c 30.19 b 1225 c 14.38 a 3563 c 41.84 d
FN 1524 b 12.69 b 3642 a 30.33 a 1663 b 13.85 b 5179 b 43.13 c
RN 1454 c 12.58 b 3354 b 29.01 c 1620 b 14.01 ab 5133 b 44.40 b
OSN 1622 a 12.47 c 3699 a 28.45 d 1786 a 13.73 b 5895 a 45.34 a
2022-2023 NN 1048 c 12.79 ab 2505 d 30.57 a 1223 c 14.92 a 3418 c 41.72 d
FN 1436 b 12.37 b 3409 b 29.38 b 1707 a 14.71 ab 5052 b 43.53 c
RN 1482 b 13.44 b 3119 c 28.28 d 1540 b 13.96 bc 4889 b 44.32 b
OSN 1663 a 12.72 ab 3792 a 29.01 c 1727 a 13.21 c 5888 a 45.05 a
孟津
Mengjin		 2021-2022 NN 977 d 11.08 c 2546 d 28.88 c 1370 d 15.54 a 3922 c 44.50 c
FN 1320 c 10.65 d 3738 b 30.16 a 1813 b 14.63 b 5523 b 44.56 c
RN 1390 b 11.52 a 3557 c 29.47 b 1706 c 14.14 c 5415 b 44.87 b
OSN 1522 a 11.17 b 3887 a 28.53 d 1918 a 14.08 c 6297 a 46.22 a
2022-2023 NN 995 d 11.70 c 2519 d 29.63 b 1314 d 15.45 d 3675 c 43.22 d
FN 1409 c 11.73 c 3612 b 30.07 a 1763 b 14.68 c 5228 b 43.52 c
RN 1454 b 12.54 b 3380 c 29.15 c 1616 c 13.94 b 5145 b 44.37 b
OSN 1782 a 13.12 a 3887 a 28.62 d 1808 a 13.31 a 6106 a 44.95 a
方差分析
ANOVA		 处理 Treatment (T) 35.88** 1.09 87.52** 5.11 127.92** 7.10 959.08** 73.01**
地点 Site (S) 0.96 3.82 57.35 0.38 15.26 2.58 20.95 2.97
年度 Year (Y) 44.72** 91.39** 21.04** 5.61* 90.75** 0.09 24.70** 564.66**
T×S 2.37 2.77 5.31 7.69 0.68 4.74 0.74 14.79*
S×Y 151.13** 92.18** 0.65 80.98** 24.08** 11.49** 2.39 517.52**
T×Y 54.58** 19.92** 7.57** 305.67** 15.11** 12.28** 0.71 34.57**
T×S×Y 11.99** 7.95** 1.00 72.08** 2.66 1.29 0.21 24.70**

表5

冬小麦产量、产量构成因素和收获指数的方差分析"

变异来源
Variation source		 产量
Grain yield		 穂数
Spike number		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 收获指数
Harvest index
处理 Treatment (T) 806.77** 48.84** 26.81** 19.59* 22.15*
地点 Site (S) 22.91 51.63 0.57 0.23 2.16
年度 Year (Y) 19.27** 116.68** 186.97** 6.61* 3.39
T×S 4.66 0.85 0.66 0.25 2.26
S×Y 2.21 2.26 16.49** 6.17* 2.36
T×Y 0.76 2.04 11.71** 0.61 0.62
T×S×Y 0.09 2.40 8.07** 1.99 0.15

图2

不同处理对产量、产量构成因素和收获指数的影响 缩写同图1。小写字母依次为NN、FN、RN和OSN多重比较结果, 不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著。"

图3

小麦产量及其构成要素与干物质积累转运间的相关性 * 和** 分别表示0.05和0.01概率水平相关。X1~X5依次为产量、穂数、穗粒数、千粒重和收获指数; X6~X12依次为拔节期干物质积累量、开花期干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率、花后干物质积累量和花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率。"

表6

不同处理对经济效益的影响"

地点
Site		 处理
Treat-
ment		 2021-2022 2022-2023 肥料投入占
总投入比例
Fertilizer input as percentage of input (%)
产值
Output (Yuan hm-2)		 肥料投入
Fertilizer cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 经济效益
Economic benefit
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Ratio of output to input		 产值
Output
(Yuan hm-2)		 肥料投入
Fertilizer
cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 经济效益
Economic benefit
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Ratio of output to input
洛宁
Luoning		 NN 9204 c 1323 3156 b 1.52 c 9027 c 1323 2979 c 1.49 c 21.88
FN 13,263 b 2370 6168 a 1.87 a 12,961 b 2370 5866 ab 1.83 a 33.40
RN 13,148 b 2161 6262 a 1.91 a 12,542 b 2161 5656 b 1.82 a 31.38
OSN 15,088 a 4057 6306 a 1.72 b 14,979 a 4057 6197 a 1.71 b 46.20
孟津
Mengjin		 NN 9932 c 1323 3884 b 1.64 c 9448 c 1323 3400 b 1.56 c 21.88
FN 14,170 b 2492 6953 a 1.96 a 13,442 b 2492 6225 a 1.86 a 34.53
RN 13,970 b 2258 6987 a 2.00 a 13,229 b 2258 6246 a 1.89 a 32.34
OSN 16,156 a 4375 7056 a 1.78 b 15,699 a 4375 6599 a 1.73 b 48.08
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