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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 470-484.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41046

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

土壤调理剂与缓释氮肥对小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

梁淼，李盼，赵连豪，樊志龙，胡发龙，范虹，何蔚，柴强，殷文*   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院，甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27 修回日期:2024-09-18 接受日期:2024-09-18 出版日期:2025-02-12 网络出版日期:2024-10-08
  • 通讯作者: 殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218, 32101857)，甘肃省科技计划项目(23JRRA704, 23JRRA1407)和甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10)资助。

Effect of soil conditioner and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat

LIANG Miao,LI Pan,ZHAO Lian-Hao,FAN Zhi-Long,HU Fa-Long,FAN Hong,HE Wei,CHAI Qiang,YIN Wen*   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid and Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-06-27 Revised:2024-09-18 Accepted:2024-09-18 Published:2025-02-12 Published online:2024-10-08
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20218, 32101857), the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province (23JRRA704, 23JRRA1407), and the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University (Gaufx-03Y10).

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摘要：

针对河西绿洲灌区小麦生产中氮肥投入高、产量不稳定等问题，通过研究不同施氮水平下土壤调理剂配施缓释氮肥对小麦地上干物质积累动态与产量的影响，为构建河西绿洲灌区减氮小麦的高产高效栽培技术提供实践依据。本研究于2022—2023年在河西绿洲灌区进行，采用裂区设计，主区为：凹凸棒(A)、生物炭(B)和无调理剂(C)；裂区为2种氮肥类型：传统化学氮肥(T)和缓释氮肥(S)；裂裂区为2个施氮水平：常规施氮量(N2：180 kg hm-2)和减量施氮30% (N1：126 kg hm-2)，通过测定小麦不同生育阶段的干物质积累量、开花前后干物质转运量、籽粒产量和生物产量，量化最大增长速率及其出现时间，明确不同土壤调理剂配施缓释氮肥对小麦干物质积累特性及产量的影响。结果表明，N1较N2降低小麦地上部干物质积累量10.4%，缓释氮肥较传统化学氮肥提高小麦地上部干物质积累量7.0%，与无调理剂相比，凹凸棒和生物炭提高小麦地上部干物质积累量为8.9%与10.9%。结合土壤调理剂、氮肥类型与施氮量三因素，凹凸棒配施缓释氮肥结合常规施氮减量30% (ASN1)与生物炭配施缓释氮肥结合常规施氮减量30% (BSN1)，分别较无调理剂配施传统化学氮肥结合常规施氮量(CTN2)提高出苗后45~95 d小麦干物质积累量9.0%与10.7%，提高出苗后45~90 d小麦干物质积累速率9.7%与12.6%。拟合结果表明，ASN1与BSN1较CTN2推迟小麦干物质最大增长速率出现时间为3.1 d与4.2 d，提高小麦干物质最大增长速率为6.3%与8.1%。ASN1与BSN1提高了小麦开花前后干物质对籽粒的贡献率，ASN1与BSN1较CTN2增产6.8%与8.5%，其增产主要源于穗粒数和千粒重的提高。BSN1较ASN1提高小麦穗粒数与千粒重为7.8%与8.1%，从各方面来看，BSN1的增产优势更为突出。因此，生物炭配施缓释氮肥可作为西北灌区节氮30%时小麦产量提升的有效措施。

关键词: 凹凸棒, 生物炭, 缓释氮肥, 减氮, 小麦, 干物质积累

Abstract:

To address the challenges of high nitrogen fertilizer input and unstable wheat yields in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area, this study investigates the effects of soil conditioners combined with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on the dynamics of aboveground dry matter accumulation and yield-related indices in wheat under varying nitrogen application rates. The objective is to provide practical evidence for developing high-yield, efficient cultivation techniques with reduced nitrogen input in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area. The experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation District, utilizing a split-plot design. The main plots included attapulgite (A), biochar (B), and a control with no conditioner application (C); the subplots consisted of two types of nitrogen fertilizer: conventional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T) and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S); and the split-split plots involved two levels of nitrogen application: conventional nitrogen amount (N2, 180 kg hm?2) and a 30% reduction in N2 (N1, 126 kg hm?2). By measuring dry matter accumulation at different growth stages, dry matter translocation before and after anthesis, grain yield, and biomass, the study quantifies the maximum growth rate and its timing, elucidating the impacts of different soil conditioners combined with slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on wheat dry matter accumulation and yield characteristics. The results indicate that N1 reduced aboveground dry matter accumulation by 10.4% compared to N2, while slow-release nitrogen fertilizer increased it by 7.0% compared to conventional chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Both attapulgite and biochar increased aboveground dry matter accumulation by 8.9% and 10.9%, respectively. Considering the interaction of soil conditioners, nitrogen fertilizer types, and nitrogen application rates, the combination of attapulgite with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and a 30% reduction in conventional nitrogen application (ASN1) and the combination of biochar with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and a 30% reduction in conventional nitrogen application (BSN1) increased dry matter accumulation by 9.0% and 10.7%, respectively, during days 45–95 after emergence, and increased the dry matter accumulation rate by 9.7% and 12.6%, respectively, during days 45–90 after emergence, compared to no conditioner use with conventional chemical nitrogen fertilizer and conventional nitrogen application (CTN2). The fitting results show that ASN1 and BSN1 delayed the occurrence of the maximum growth rate by 3.1 and 4.2 days, respectively, and increased the maximum growth rate by 6.3% and 8.1%, respectively, compared to CTN2. ASN1 and BSN1 also enhanced the contribution of dry matter translocation before and after anthesis to grain yield, increasing the yield by 6.8% and 8.5%, respectively, with the main yield increase attributed to improvements in spike grain number and thousand-kernel weight. BSN1 further increased spike grain number and thousand-kernel weight by 7.8% and 8.1%, respectively, compared to ASN1, demonstrating a more pronounced yield-increasing advantage. Therefore, the application of biochar combined with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer can be considered an effective measure to enhance wheat yield in the northwestern irrigation region of China, even with a 30% reduction in nitrogen input.

Key words: attapulgite, biochar, slow-release nitrogen, reduced nitrogen, wheat, dry matter accumulation

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