作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 447-458.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44104
王崇铭(), 陆志峰, 闫金垚, 宋毅, 王昆昆, 方娅婷, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍(
)
WANG Chong-Ming(), LU Zhi-Feng, YAN Jin-Yao, SONG Yi, WANG Kun-Kun, FANG Ya-Ting, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei(
)
摘要: 油菜-水稻轮作是我国长江流域主要水旱轮作模式, 其高产稳产对保障粮油安全至关重要。施用磷肥是油稻种植的常用技术, 为探究磷肥对油菜-水稻轮作系统生产力及其稳定性的作用, 利用2016—2023年在长江中游地区开展连续7年的田间定位试验(试验设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P2O5 hm-2共5个磷肥用量处理), 对油菜和水稻的产量与磷素吸收量及其稳定性、系统能值及其生产力风险进行分析。结果表明, 施磷均显著提高油菜和水稻产量, 对油菜的增产效果显著高于水稻, 油菜增产2.3~12.5倍, 在磷肥用量90 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 主要通过增加单株角果数水平提高产量, 其次是千粒重和每角粒数; 水稻增产4.4%~17.1%, 在磷肥用量45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 一定程度上通过单株有效穗数和每穗实粒数提高产量。油菜和水稻地上部磷素积累量随着磷肥用量的增加而增加, 油菜地上部积累量增加5.0~11.8倍, 水稻增加22.9%~46.2%, 轮作周年增加50.2%~118.8%, 随着磷肥用量的增加, 油菜磷肥回收利用率(PRE)在磷肥用量45~90 kg hm-2, 水稻在45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 继续增加磷肥用量PRE下降。施磷显著提高油菜产量稳定性, 在磷肥用量45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 产量稳定性与磷素积累量、单株角果数、每角粒数的稳定性呈显著正相关关系; 水稻整体产量与磷素积累量稳定性水平高于油菜, 磷肥投入对其无显著影响。施磷可显著提高系统周年能值产量和稳定性, 磷肥用量分别在油菜季90 kg hm-2和水稻季45~90 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 使系统在稳产的基础上达成高产的目标。综上所述, 当油菜季磷肥用量为90 kg hm-2、水稻季磷肥用量为45 kg hm-2时可在保证系统能值产量达到最高水平的同时兼顾系统稳定性和提高磷肥利用效率, 是油稻轮作系统磷肥最佳推荐用量。
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