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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 447-458.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44104

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

磷肥用量对油稻轮作系统作物产量与磷素吸收量及其稳定性的影响

王崇铭(), 陆志峰, 闫金垚, 宋毅, 王昆昆, 方娅婷, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍()   

  1. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26 接受日期:2024-09-18 出版日期:2025-02-12 网络出版日期:2024-10-10
  • 通讯作者: 鲁剑巍, E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: naamuluanpao@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“长江中下游水旱轮作区中低产田障碍消减与产能提升综合模式与应用”(2023YFD1901100);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662021ZH001)

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on crop yield, phosphorus uptake and its stability in rapeseed-rice rotation system

WANG Chong-Ming(), LU Zhi-Feng, YAN Jin-Yao, SONG Yi, WANG Kun-Kun, FANG Ya-Ting, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-06-26 Accepted:2024-09-18 Published:2025-02-12 Published online:2024-10-10
  • Contact: E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “Comprehensive Model and Application of Obstacle Reduction and Productivity Improvement of Low-yield Fields in the Water-dry Rotation Area of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River”(2023YFD1901100);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662021ZH001)

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摘要： 油菜-水稻轮作是我国长江流域主要水旱轮作模式, 其高产稳产对保障粮油安全至关重要。施用磷肥是油稻种植的常用技术, 为探究磷肥对油菜-水稻轮作系统生产力及其稳定性的作用, 利用2016—2023年在长江中游地区开展连续7年的田间定位试验(试验设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P2O5 hm-2共5个磷肥用量处理), 对油菜和水稻的产量与磷素吸收量及其稳定性、系统能值及其生产力风险进行分析。结果表明, 施磷均显著提高油菜和水稻产量, 对油菜的增产效果显著高于水稻, 油菜增产2.3~12.5倍, 在磷肥用量90 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 主要通过增加单株角果数水平提高产量, 其次是千粒重和每角粒数; 水稻增产4.4%~17.1%, 在磷肥用量45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 一定程度上通过单株有效穗数和每穗实粒数提高产量。油菜和水稻地上部磷素积累量随着磷肥用量的增加而增加, 油菜地上部积累量增加5.0~11.8倍, 水稻增加22.9%~46.2%, 轮作周年增加50.2%~118.8%, 随着磷肥用量的增加, 油菜磷肥回收利用率(PRE)在磷肥用量45~90 kg hm-2, 水稻在45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 继续增加磷肥用量PRE下降。施磷显著提高油菜产量稳定性, 在磷肥用量45 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 产量稳定性与磷素积累量、单株角果数、每角粒数的稳定性呈显著正相关关系; 水稻整体产量与磷素积累量稳定性水平高于油菜, 磷肥投入对其无显著影响。施磷可显著提高系统周年能值产量和稳定性, 磷肥用量分别在油菜季90 kg hm-2和水稻季45~90 kg hm-2时达到最高水平, 使系统在稳产的基础上达成高产的目标。综上所述, 当油菜季磷肥用量为90 kg hm-2、水稻季磷肥用量为45 kg hm-2时可在保证系统能值产量达到最高水平的同时兼顾系统稳定性和提高磷肥利用效率, 是油稻轮作系统磷肥最佳推荐用量。

关键词: 油稻轮作, 产量, 磷素积累量, 产量稳定性, 系统生产力风险

Abstract:

The rapeseed-rice rotation system is a key cropping pattern in the Yangtze River Basin, where achieving high and stable yields is essential for food and oil security. Phosphorus (P) fertilization is a common practice in the cultivation of both rapeseed and rice. To assess the effects of P fertilization on the productivity and stability of this rotation system, a 7-year field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2023 in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The experiment included five P fertilizer treatments: 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The study evaluated crop yield, P uptake, energy yield stability, and productivity risk. The results indicated that P fertilization significantly increased the yields of both rapeseed and rice, with a more pronounced effect observed in rapeseed. Specifically, rapeseed yield increased by 2.3 to 12.5 times, with the highest yield achieved at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2. This increase was primarily due to a higher number of pods per plant, followed by improvements in seed weight and seeds per pod. Rice yield increased by 4.4% to 17.1%, peaking at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2, largely due to an increase in effective panicle number per plant and grains per panicle. Phosphorus accumulation in the aboveground biomass of both crops increased with higher P application rates, with rapeseed showing a 5.0- to 11.8-fold increase and rice showing a 22.9% to 46.2% increase, leading to an annual rotation increase of 50.2% to 118.8%. The phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) for rapeseed peaked at P application rates of 45 to 90 kg P2O5 hm-2, while for rice, the maximum PRE was observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Beyond this rate, further P application resulted in decreased PRE. P fertilization also notably improved the yield stability of rapeseed, with the highest stability observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Yield stability in rapeseed was positively correlated with the stability of P accumulation, the number of pods per plant, and the number of seeds per pod. In contrast, rice exhibited higher yield stability and P uptake than rapeseed, with no significant effect from additional P input. Overall, P fertilization significantly enhanced the system's annual energy yield, reaching its peak at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rapeseed season and between 45 and 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rice season, thereby supporting high production levels. In conclusion, the optimal P fertilizer application rates for the rapeseed-rice rotation system are 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rapeseed and 45 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rice. These rates effectively balance maximum energy yield with system stability while optimizing P fertilizer use efficiency.

Key words: rapeseed-rice rotation, yield, phosphorus uptake, yield stability, system productivity risk

图1

不同磷肥用量下油菜籽和水稻产量 *、**和***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平差异显著, ns表示无显著差异。小写字母表示不同磷肥用量下产量显著性差异(P < 0.05)。P: 磷效应; Y: 年份效应; P×Y: 磷处理和年份的交互效应。"

图2

油菜和水稻产量构成因子及特征重要性得分 图(a)为不同磷肥用量条件下油菜和水稻产量构成因子水平; 图(b)为产量构成因子变化对磷肥施用响应的随机森林特征重要性得分。*和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。小写字母代表不同磷肥用量下产量构成因子显著性差异(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同磷肥用量下轮作系统作物地上部磷素积累量 *、**和***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平差异显著, ns表示无显著差异。小写字母表示不同磷肥用量下磷素积累量显著性差异(P < 0.05)。P: 磷效应; Y: 年份效应; P×Y: 磷处理和年份的交互效应。"

图4

不同磷肥用量下PHI *、**和***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平差异显著, ns表示无显著差异。小写字母表示不同磷肥用量下PHI显著性差异(P < 0.05)。P: 磷效应; Y: 年份效应; P×Y: 磷处理和年份的交互效应。PHI: 磷收获指数。"

图5

不同磷肥用量下轮作系统磷回收利用效率 *、**和***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平差异显著, ns表示无显著差异。小写字母表示不同磷肥用量处理间PRE显著性差异(P < 0.05)。P: 磷效应; Y: 年份效应; P×Y: 磷处理和年份的交互效应。PRE: 磷肥回收利用率。"

表1

产量、产量构成因子及磷素积累量稳定性"

作物
Crop		 磷肥用量
P fertilizer rate
(kg hm-2)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 单株角果数(单株有效穗数)
Pods per plant (Panicles, No.)		 每角粒数(每穗实粒数)
Seeds per pod (Panicle, No.)		 千粒重
1000 seeds weight (g)		 磷素积累量
P uptake (kg hm-2)
CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI
油菜
Rape		 0 59.1±3.8 a 0.21±0.04 b 55.7±12.5 a 0.28±0.12 b 29.6±3.9 a 0.53±0.05 b 17.2±0.8 b 0.64±0.01 a 65.1±1.7 a 0.17±0.00 b
45 13.0±1.9 b 0.73±0.04 a 31.0±5.3 b 0.47±0.06 a 19.2±3.6 b 0.67±0.04 a 25.9±3.5 a 0.54±0.05 b 16.1±2.7 b 0.68±0.07 a
90 16.4±4.8 b 0.67±0.09 a 28.9±5.5 b 0.55±0.07 a 18.0±3.2 b 0.70±0.03 a 26.5±1.7 a 0.53±0.01 b 15.3±1.3 b 0.68±0.05 a
135 17.1±1.8 b 0.67±0.03 a 32.9±4.8 b 0.50±0.08 a 19.5±2.1 b 0.67±0.02 a 27.5±2.4 a 0.51±0.02 b 19.8±2.0 b 0.62±0.01 a
180 17.5±2.9 b 0.66±0.07 a 32.6±1.1 b 0.52±0.03 a 20.6±2.9 b 0.65±0.05 a 28.2±1.9 a 0.52±0.01 b 14.6±7.4 b 0.72±0.12 a
水稻
Rice		 0 8.0±2.3 a 0.84±0.04 a 18.5±2.8 a 0.63±0.06 a 11.2±2.8 a 0.75±0.07 a 3.6±0.8 a 0.92±0.01 a 13.9±2.4 a 0.73±0.03 a
45 7.2±0.6 a 0.84±0.01 a 20.1±4.6 a 0.53±0.14 a 12.5±2.3 a 0.77±0.04 a 3.3±0.5 a 0.92±0.00 a 12.8±5.3 a 0.72±0.11 a
90 6.2±1.0 a 0.86±0.03 a 20.3±2.0 a 0.57±0.17 a 14.7±4.0 a 0.69±0.10 a 4.0±1.2 a 0.91±0.04 a 13.6±6.2 a 0.72±0.02 a
135 5.5±2.0 a 0.88±0.05 a 16.3±3.5 a 0.60±0.21 a 15.5±6.7 a 0.70±0.11 a 3.6±0.9 a 0.92±0.02 a 12.4±4.8 a 0.75±0.12 a
180 5.2±1.7 a 0.89±0.02 a 18.0±3.3 a 0.56±0.17 a 16.2±7.0 a 0.68±0.16 a 2.8±0.4 a 0.94±0.01 a 13.2±4.3 a 0.72±0.02 a

图6

油菜和水稻产量及磷素积累量稳定性的相关性分析 相关性分析所用数据为单季作物产量、产量构成因子、磷素积累量稳定性。*、**和***分别表示在P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平上相关性显著。CV: 指标变异系数; SYI: 指标可持续指数。"

图7

油稻轮作系统能值产量、生产力风险及稳定性差异指数 图(a)为油菜、水稻季不同磷肥用量组合系统能值产量, 小写字母表示不同磷肥用量组合处理间显著性差异(P < 0.05); 图(b)~(e)括号内数字表示系统稳定性差异指数, 数字越小代表系统越稳定。其中图(b)、(c)、(d)分别为油菜磷肥用量0、45、90 kg hm-2条件下水稻季不同磷肥用量系统生产力风险对应的临界能值对比, 图(e)为系统稳定性差异指数最低水平与能值产量最高水平时系统生产力风险对应的临界能值对比。"

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