无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42043

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1363-1377.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42043

无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究

翁文安¹(), 邢志鹏¹, 胡群¹, 魏海燕¹, 廖萍¹, 朱海滨¹, 瞿济伟², 李秀丽³, 刘桂云³, 高辉¹, 张洪程¹^,^*()

¹扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院 / 江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009
²扬州大学机械工程学院 / 江苏省现代农机农艺融合技术工程中心, 江苏扬州 225009
³大中农场集团有限公司农业科技研究所, 江苏盐城 224135

收稿日期:2024-09-20 接受日期:2025-01-23 出版日期:2025-05-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-11
通讯作者: *张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: dx120220122@stu.yzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022338);江苏省水稻产业技术体系项目(JATS [2023] 443);江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX23_3574)

Study on yield formation characteristics, energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice

WENG Wen-An¹(), XING Zhi-Peng¹, HU Qun¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, LIAO Ping¹, ZHU Hai-Bin¹, QU Ji-Wei², LI Xiu-Li³, LIU Gui-Yun³, GAO Hui¹, ZHANG Hong-Cheng¹^,^*()

¹Research institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
²Collage of Mechanical Engineering / Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
³Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute of Jiangsu Dazhong Farm Group Co., Ltd., Yancheng 224135, Jiangsu, China

Received:2024-09-20 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published:2025-05-12 Published online:2025-02-11
Contact: *E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn
Supported by:
Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2022338);Jiangsu Technical System of Rice Industry(JATS [2023] 443);Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_3574)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在探讨无人化旱直播(unmanned dry direct-seeding, UDS)水稻的丰产形成规律, 分析稳产栽培的关键技术, 为无人化旱直播技术的规模化推广提供理论依据和技术支持。于2021—2023年, 以南粳5718为材料, 以无人化毯苗机插(unmanned carpet seedling machine transplanting, UMT)为对照, 在江苏省稻麦两熟制代表性地区大丰和泗洪开展了大面积丰产栽培试验, 系统研究了无人化旱直播水稻的生育期特征、分蘖特性、光合物质生产和产量形成规律, 分析其能量投入及经济效益。结果表明, 不同生态区无人化旱直播水稻的全生育期较对照缩短12~19 d, 全生育期有效积温减少226.1~329.3℃。与对照相比, 无人化旱直播通过提高主茎成穗比例, 利用主茎的生长优势可以提高水稻拔节期和抽穗期的叶面积指数, 从而提高播种到拔节阶段的群体生长率、群体净同化率以及拔节至抽穗阶段的群体光合势。然而, 较低的成穗率和群体颖花量以及干物质积累量的减少是导致减产的重要因素, 无人化旱直播水稻的产量平均降低了5.4%~5.9%。从能量投入和经济效益来看, 无人化旱直播水稻种植环节的机械化集成度较高, 耕播环节的机械能量投入减少43.8%, 能源投入减少27.8%, 总体能量投入减少了5.8%, 水稻生产成本降低了11.8%, 经济效益增加了3.4%。综上, 在生产上应当进一步优化无人化旱直播栽培质量, 在充分发挥主茎生长优势下, 重点调控优势蘖位分蘖的发生及最终成穗以满足无人化旱直播水稻壮主茎、攻足穗的生产目标。同时应当以合理增加生育中期的生长量为重点, 促进生育后期干物质的积累, 提高穗部生物量, 在大群体库容的前提下获得充足的籽粒灌浆物质, 以实现无人化旱直播水稻进一步增产。

关键词: 水稻, 无人化旱直播, 生育特征, 产量, 能量投入, 经济效益

Abstract:

This study investigated the yield formation characteristics of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice (UDS), analyzed key cultivation techniques for stable yield production, and provided theoretical foundations and technical support for the large-scale application of this technology. From 2021 to 2023, a high-yield cultivation experiment was conducted in representative rice-wheat double-cropping areas of Jiangsu Province, using Nanjing 5718 as the test material and unmanned carpet seedling machine transplanting (UMT) as the control. The study assessed growth period characteristics, tillering dynamics, photosynthetic matter production, yield performance, energy input, and economic benefits. The results showed that the full growth period of UDS in different ecological regions was shortened by 12-19 days compared to UMT, with the effective accumulated temperature in whole growth period decreasing by 226.1-329.3°C. Compared to UMT, UDS increased the proportion of main stem spikes, leveraging the growth advantage of the main stem to enhance the leaf area index during the jointing and heading stages. This improvement boosted the population growth rate and net assimilation rate from sowing to jointing, as well as the photosynthetic potential from jointing to heading. However, UDS exhibited a lower productive tiller percentage and total spikelet number, along with reduced dry matter accumulation, which were significant factors contributing to yield loss, resulting in a 5.4%-5.9% average yield reduction. From the perspective of energy input and economic benefits, UDS demonstrated higher mechanization efficiency. Mechanical energy input during the tillage and sowing phase was reduced by 43.8%, energy resource input decreased by 27.8%, and overall energy input was reduced by 5.8%. Additionally, UDS lowered rice production costs by 11.8% and increased economic benefits by 3.4%. To further enhance UDS yields, production practices should focus on optimizing cultivation quality by regulating the emergence of advantageous tillers and ensuring their final heading to achieve robust main stems and sufficient panicles. Moreover, efforts should be directed toward increasing growth during the mid-growth stages to promote dry matter accumulation during later stages, enhancing spike biomass, and ensuring adequate grain-filling materials under a large population capacity. These improvements are critical for achieving higher yields in UDS systems.

Key words: rice, unmanned dry direct-seeding, growth characteristics, grain yield, energy input, economic benefit

翁文安, 邢志鹏, 胡群, 魏海燕, 廖萍, 朱海滨, 瞿济伟, 李秀丽, 刘桂云, 高辉, 张洪程. 无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(5): 1363-1377.

WENG Wen-An, XING Zhi-Peng, HU Qun, WEI Hai-Yan, LIAO Ping, ZHU Hai-Bin, QU Ji-Wei, LI Xiu-Li, LIU Gui-Yun, GAO Hui, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Study on yield formation characteristics, energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(5): 1363-1377.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42043

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2025/V51/I5/1363

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项目Item	参数Parameter
动力 Power (hp)	≥ 220
作业宽幅 Work breadth (cm)	350
旋耕深度 Depth of rotary tillage (cm)	≥ 18
播种行数 Number of rows planted	14
播种量 Seeding rate (kg hm^-2) 播种方式Seeding method	22.5-450.0 条播 Drill seeding
排种轮型式 Type of seeding wheel	外槽轮式 Outer groove-wheel
排种器数量 Number of seeding apparatus	14
施肥行数 Number of rows fertilized	14
排肥器数量 Number of fertilizer apparatus	14
施肥量 Fertilizing amount (kg hm^-2)	75-750
种沟深度 Depth of seed groove (cm)	1-3
覆土厚度 Thickness of soil cover (cm)	1-3
种带宽 Seed bandwidth (cm)	5
排水沟数量 Number of drainage ditch	1
排水沟宽度 Width of drainage ditch (cm)	25
排水沟深度 Depth of drainage ditch (cm)	≥ 20

地点 Area	土壤类型 Soil type	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)	pH
大丰Dafeng	沙壤土Sandy loam soil	23.5	1.2	45.5	196.2	7.8
泗洪Sihong	黏壤土Clay loam soil	27.3	1.9	38.8	92.5	6.6

地区 Area	处理 Treatment	控混肥配比 Fertilizer allocated proportion (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	施氮量 N fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	播种日期 Seeding date (month/day)	目标产量 Target yield (t hm^-2)
大丰Dafeng	UDS	30-7-13	300	06/10	10.5
大丰Dafeng	UMT	30-7-13	300	05/18	10.5
泗洪Sihong	UDS	26-10-15	270	06/18	9.8
泗洪Sihong	UMT	26-10-15	270	05/28	9.8

地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎蘖数Tiller number (×10⁴ hm^-2)			成穗率 Productive tiller percentage (%)	主茎成穗比例Proportion of main stem spike
地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期EL	抽穗期HE	成熟期MA	成穗率 Productive tiller percentage (%)	主茎成穗比例Proportion of main stem spike
大丰Dafeng	2021	UDS	607.0 a	386.5 a	360.2 a	59.3 b	76.3 a
	2021	UMT	488.0 b	352.5 b	337.9 b	69.2 a	45.7 b
	2022	UDS	632.5 a	412.5 a	380.0 a	60.1 b	72.1 a
	2022	UMT	511.5 b	384.5 b	356.6 b	69.7 a	42.4 b
泗洪Sihong	2021	UDS	547.8 a	398.4 a	390.9 a	71.4 a	63.5 a
	2021	UMT	486.4 b	369.1 a	353.4 b	72.7 a	37.4 b
	2022	UDS	541.5 a	383.5 a	331.5 a	61.2 b	68.0 a
	2022	UMT	462.0 b	338.8 a	296.0 b	64.1 a	44.8 b

地区Area	年份 Year	处理Treatment	群体光合势 Photosynthetic potential (m² m^-2 d^-1)			群体生长率 Crop growth rate (g m^-2 d^-1)			群体净同化率 Net assimilation rate (g m^-2 d^-1)
地区Area	年份 Year	处理Treatment	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA
大丰 Dafeng	2021	UDS	112.3 b	167.9 a	270.5 a	10.1 a	27.3 b	15.0 b	3.3 a	4.4 b	2.6 b
	2021	UMT	145.2 a	162.7 b	269.2 a	7.9 b	32.8 a	16.2 a	2.6 b	5.4 a	2.8 a
	2022	UDS	97.9 b	183.0 a	269.2 b	10.5 a	22.6 b	14.8 b	3.5 a	3.8 b	2.7 a
	2022	UMT	126.2 a	160.5 b	281.2 a	8.8 b	26.7 a	16.3 a	3.0 b	4.5 a	2.8 a
泗洪 Sihong	2021	UDS	136.0 b	182.0 a	325.5 a	8.2 a	27.8 b	12.7 b	2.8 a	5.1 b	2.6 b
	2021	UMT	172.9 a	148.2 b	330.2 a	6.3 b	28.7 a	14.2 a	2.2 b	5.4 a	3.0 a
	2022	UDS	126.2 b	189.4 a	312.7 b	8.6 a	24.1 b	14.1 a	2.9 a	4.3 b	2.8 b
	2022	UMT	154.2 a	162.5 b	326.6 a	6.4 b	26.7 a	14.6 a	2.2 b	5.0 a	2.9 a

无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究

Study on yield formation characteristics, energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice

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地区 Area	年份Year	处理 Treatment	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL		拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE		抽穗期-成熟期 HE-MA
地区 Area	年份Year	处理 Treatment	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
大丰Dafeng	2021	UDS	5.73 a	26.20 a	7.92 a	36.21 a	8.23 b	37.59 b
	2021	UMT	5.87 a	25.73 a	7.86 a	34.50 b	9.07 a	39.77 a
	2022	UDS	5.76 b	27.60 a	7.00 a	33.51 a	8.12 b	38.89 a
	2022	UMT	6.10 a	27.70 a	7.22 a	32.77 a	8.69 a	39.48 a
泗洪Sihong	2021	UDS	4.28 a	22.13 a	8.34 b	43.16 a	6.71 b	34.71 b
	2021	UMT	4.40 a	21.30 a	8.61 a	41.70 b	7.64 a	37.00 a
	2022	UDS	3.95 a	20.94 a	7.72 a	40.89 a	7.21 b	38.17 a
	2022	UDS	4.07 a	20.68 a	7.75 a	39.37 a	7.87 a	39.95 a

种植环节 Planting process		UDS	UMT
耕整Tillage	柴油Diesel	—	4368.1
施肥Fertilizer application	柴油Diesel	—	283.5
施肥Fertilizer application	肥料Fertilizer	22,162.3	22,162.3
种植Planting	柴油Diesel	2973.2	709.5
	种子Seed	2205.0	992.3
	灌溉Irrigation	2371.7	2821.2
植保Plant protection	电力Electricity	59.8	39.9
植保Plant protection	农药Pesticide	445.9	357.7
收获Harvest	柴油Diesel	3106.8	3106.8
机械投入Mechanical input		662.0	1179.0
劳动力投入Manpower input		324.0	411.6
合计Total		34,310.6	36,431.8
分类Classification	农资投入Agricultural materials input	27,184.8	26,333.5
	机械投入Mechanical input	662.0	1179.0
	能源投入Diesel and electricity input	6139.7	8507.7
	劳动力投入Manpower input	324.0	411.6
	产量产出Rice grain output	181,900.0	192,100.0
	秸秆产出Straw output	137,375.0	140,250.0

处理Treatment	农资 Agricultural materials	能源 Energy	耕种 Tillage and plant	管理Management	收获 Harvest	其他 Other	总成本 Total cost
UDS	7310.0	774.8	517.2	2000.0	1125.0	4500.0	16,227.0
UMT	6387.0	1074.5	2257.9	2000.0	1125.0	5550.0	18,394.4

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)	产值 Production value (yuan hm^-2)	补贴 Subsidy (yuan hm^-2)	经济效益 Economic benefits (yuan hm^-2)	投入产出比 Return on investment
UDS	10.7	29,960.0	900.0	14,633.0	90.2
UMT	11.3	31,640.0	900.0	14,145.6	76.9

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