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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 772-783.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24061

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮磷钾肥对旱地和水田油菜产量及养分利用的影响差异

方娅婷(), 任涛, 张顺涛, 周橡棋, 赵剑, 廖世鹏, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍()   

  1. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-19 接受日期:2022-07-21 出版日期:2023-03-12 网络出版日期:2022-08-16
  • 通讯作者: 鲁剑巍
  • 作者简介:E-mail: fangyating@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32172678);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662020ZHPY005)

Different effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on oilseed rape yield and nutrient utilization between continuous upland and paddy-upland rotations

FANG Ya-Ting(), REN Tao, ZHANG Shun-Tao, ZHOU Xiang-Qi, ZHAO Jian, LIAO Shi-Peng, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2022-03-19 Accepted:2022-07-21 Published:2023-03-12 Published online:2022-08-16
  • Contact: LU Jian-Wei
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172678);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020ZHPY005)

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摘要：

氮磷钾肥施用是农业生产中的重要增产措施, 旱-旱和水-旱周年复种轮作是我国长江流域冬油菜的主要种植模式。为探究氮磷钾养分对不同轮作油菜产量和养分吸收利用的影响及其差异, 于2017—2020年在湖北省沙洋县连续3年开展田间定位试验, 采用旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)和水田油菜(水稻-油菜)2种轮作模式, 各轮作分别设置氮磷钾(NPK)、不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)和不施钾(-K) 4个处理, 分析了油菜籽产量、产量构成和养分吸收情况, 并对肥料利用率和土壤养分供应能力进行了评估。3年试验的平均结果表明, 与NPK处理相比, -N、-P和-K处理的旱地油菜分别减产68.4%、89.6%和7.0%; 水田油菜分别减产71.0%、84.7%和6.4%。对产量构成因子进一步分析发现, 无论是旱地油菜还是水田油菜, 施肥对角果数影响最大, 其次是每角粒数, 对千粒重影响最小。与NPK处理相比, 旱地和水田油菜的角果数因缺氮、缺磷和缺钾分别减少61.6%和52.0%、82.0%和67.8%、16.2%和19.7%。相同施肥处理的旱地和水田油菜产量及养分吸收均存在显著差异, 在-N、-K和NPK处理, 旱地油菜产量均高于水田油菜, 分别高27.2%、15.9%和16.7%, 而-P处理的旱地油菜产量比水田油菜低20.8%; 养分积累量趋势与产量相似, 除-P处理外, 其余3个处理的旱地油菜地上部养分积累量均高于水田, NPK处理的旱地油菜地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别比水田油菜高20.4%、37.3%和4.2%。旱地油菜季的年均土壤本底氮和钾供应量分别比水田高15.0%和20.9%, 而磷供应量比水田低39.2%。旱地油菜季氮肥和磷肥回收利用率均高于水田, 而钾肥回收利用率低于水田。综上, 养分的配合施用显著提高油菜产量和养分利用效率, 旱-旱轮作和水-旱轮作油菜产量存在显著差异并受养分种类的影响。与旱地油菜相比, 水田油菜种植需格外注重氮肥和钾肥的施用, 而旱地油菜较水田油菜则需适当增施磷肥, 以针对性地补充土壤缺乏养分和实现油菜高产高效生产。

关键词: 玉米-油菜轮作, 水稻-油菜轮作, 氮, 磷, 钾, 油菜籽产量

Abstract:

The application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers is an important measure to increase yield in agricultural production. Continuous upland and paddy-upland anniversary multiple cropping rotation is the main planting mode of winter oilseed rape in the Yangtze River basin in China. In order to explore the effects and differences of N, P, and K on the yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of rapeseed in different rotations, a field experiment was carried out in Shayang County, Hubei Province for 3 years from 2017 to 2020. Two rotation modes of upland-oilseed rape (maize-rape) and paddy-oilseed rape (rice-rape) were adopted, and four treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined application (NPK), no nitrogen (-N), no phosphorus (-P), and no potassium (-K) applications on the basis of NPK were set in each rotation. The yield, yield components, and nutrient uptake of rapeseed were analyzed, the fertilizer use efficiency and soil indigenous nutrient supply were evaluated. The average results of the three-year trials showed that, compared with the NPK treatments, the -N, -P, and -K treatments in upland reduced rapeseed yields by 68.4%, 89.6%, and 7.0%, and by 71.0%, 84.7%, and 6.4% in paddy fields, respectively. Among the yield components, whether it was upland or paddy, fertilization had the greatest impact on the number of siliques, followed by the number of grains per silique, and had the least impact on the thousand-grain weight. Compared with NPK treatment, the number of siliques in upland and paddy fields was decreased by 61.6% and 52.0%, 82.0% and 67.8%, 16.2% and 19.7% due to N, P, and K deficiency, respectively. There were significant differences in the yield and nutrient absorption of rapeseed in upland and paddy field under different fertilization treatments. The yield of rapeseed in upland was about 27.2%, 15.2%, and 16.7% higher than that in paddy field in the -N, -K, and NPK treatments, while the yield of paddy rapeseed under -P treatment was 20.8% higher than that of upland. Nutrient accumulation trends were similar to the yield, except for -P treatment, the accumulation of N, P, and K in the upland oilseed rape under NPK treatment was 20.4%, 37.3%, and 4.2% higher than paddy oilseed rape, respectively. The soil indigenous N and K supply in upland was 15.0% and 20.9% higher than that in paddy field, while the supply of P in upland was 39.2% lower than that in paddy field. The recovery efficiency of N and P in upland were higher than that of paddy field, while K recovery efficiency was lower than that of paddy field. In summary, the combined application of nutrients could improve rapeseed yield and nutrient use efficiency. The significant differences in rapeseed yield and nutrient utilization among different crop rotations were affected by nutrient types. Compared with the upland, to supplement the nutrients deficiency in the soil and achieve high-yield and high-efficiency production of rapeseed, rapeseed in paddy fields needs to pay more attention to the application of N and K fertilizers, while rapeseed in upland needs to be appropriately increased in P fertilizers compared with paddy fields.

Key words: maize-oil seed rape rotation, rice-oil seed rape rotation, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, rapeseed yield

图1

2017-2020年油菜生长季平均气温和月降雨量"

表1

不同施肥条件下的旱地和水田油菜产量"

处理
Treatment		 旱地-油菜Upland-oilseed rape 水田-油菜Paddy-oilseed rape t检验
t-test
2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 平均Average 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 平均Average
-N 361±24 b 717±36 b 1000±88 b 692 310±84 c 168±29 c 1156±214 b 544 0.553 ns
-P 258±43 b 92±3 c 334±160 c 228 317±57 c 141±36 c 405±6 c 288 0.011*
-K 1577±361 a 1377±245 a 3156±499 a 2036 1316±26 b 1011±125 b 2944±206 a 1757 0.025*
NPK 1690±269 a 1407±354 a 3471±162 a 2189 1668±139 a 1297±128 a 2665±78 a 1877 0.080 ns
平均Average 971 898 1990 1287 903 654 1792 1116
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value F值 F-value
处理Treatment 452.2*** 146.7***
年份Year 323.6*** 76.6***
处理×年份Treatment×Year 33.9*** 14.2***

表2

不同施肥条件下旱地和水田油菜产量构成因子"

产量构成
Yield components		 处理
Treatment		 旱地-油菜Upland-oilseed rape 水田-油菜Paddy-oilseed rape t检验
t-test
2018/2019 2019/2020 平均Average 2018/2019 2019/2020 平均Average
单株角果数
Number of pods		 -N 106.7±6.7 d 147.3±24.5 b 127.0 26.9±4.7 c 214.7±45.3 b 120.8 0.867ns
-P 28.7±1.7 c 90.2±30.2 b 59.4 31.2±4.3 c 130.8±23.8 c 81.0 0.240 ns
-K 249.9±16.9 b 304.0±76.9 a 277.0 172.0±26.5 b 231.8±39.1 b 201.9 0.004**
NPK 310.5±5.5 a 350.1±12.5 a 330.3 201.4±10.2a 301.6±33.7 a 251.5 0.003**
平均Average 173.9 222.9 198.4 107.9 219.7 147.3
每角粒数
Seed number		 -N 20.4±2.4 a 21.2±1.5 ab 20.8 18.0±4.0 a 20.2±0.8 a 19.1 0.316 ns
-P 12.6±2.5 b 18.7±2.4 b 15.7 18.8±1.0 a 19.2±1.5 a 19.0 0.103 ns
-K 20.4±0.3 a 21.9±1.0 ab 21.1 20.8±4.5 a 20.9±1.3 a 20.8 0.810 ns
NPK 23.5±1.2 a 22.5±2.1 a 23.0 18.8±2.6 a 21.4±0.5 a 20.1 0.062 ns
平均Average 19.3 21.1 20.2 19.1 20.4 19.8
千粒重
1000-seed weight
(g)		 -N 3.01±0.03 b 3.77±0.14 a 3.39 3.51±0.03 a 3.98±0.02 a 3.74 0.005**
-P 2.71±0.01 c 3.16±0.05 c 2.94 2.91±0.10 c 3.64±0.02 b 3.27 0.004**
-K 3.11±0.08 a 3.52±0.18 b 3.32 3.24±0.01 b 3.71±0.09 b 3.47 0.050*
NPK 3.15±0.02 a 3.60±0.03 ab 3.38 3.43±0.03 a 3.66±0.04 b 3.54 0.030*
平均Average 2.99 3.52 3.25 3.27 3.75 3.51

图2

不同施肥条件下旱地和水田油菜地上部各部位养分吸收和分配(3年平均) “UO”和“PO”分别指“旱地-油菜”和“水田-油菜”。标以不同小写字母的值表示地上部总养分累积在相同年份的不同施肥处理间差异达0.05显著水平。“*”表示总养分累积在不同轮作之间的t检验差异, *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01, ***表示P < 0.001, ns表示无显著差异。处理同表1。"

表3

旱地和水田油菜氮、磷和钾的肥料利用率"

肥料利用率
Fertilizer use efficiency		 年份
Year		 氮Nitrogen 磷Phosphorus 钾Potassium
旱地-油菜
UO		 水田-油菜
PO		 旱地-油菜
UO		 水田-油菜
PO		 旱地-油菜
UO		 水田-油菜
PO
肥料贡献率
Fertilizer contribution
rate (%)		 2017/2018 78.7 81.4 84.7 81.0 6.7 21.1
2018/2019 49.0 87.0 93.5 89.1 2.1 22.1
2019/2020 71.2 56.6 90.4 84.8 9.1 -10.5
平均Average 66.3 75.0 89.5 85.0 6.0 10.9
农学利用率
Agronomic efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 2017/2018 7.4 7.5 23.9 22.5 1.5 4.7
2018/2019 3.8 6.3 21.9 19.3 0.4 3.8
2019/2020 13.7 8.4 52.3 37.7 4.2 -3.7
平均Average 8.3 7.4 32.7 26.5 2.0 1.6
回收利用率
Recovery efficiency
(%)		 2017/2018 26.3 28.6 27.7 19.2 0.0 20.8
2018/2019 14.8 20.2 20.7 17.3 0.0 33.6
2019/2020 61.5 42.9 94.4 63.7 47.3 66.9
平均Average 34.2 30.5 47.6 33.4 15.7 40.4

图3

不同施肥条件下旱地和水田油菜季养分表观平衡(3年平均) 标以不同小写字母的值表示同一轮作下不同施肥处理间差异达0.05显著水平。“*”表示总养分累积在不同轮作之间的t检验差异, *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01, ***表示P < 0.001, ns表示无显著差异。处理同表1。"

表4

旱地和水田油菜季土壤养分供应量及灰色线性预测模型"

土壤养分供应
Soil indigenous supply		 年份
Year		 旱地-油菜
Upland-oilseed rape		 水田-油菜
Paddy-oilseed rape
土壤氮供应
Soil indigenous N supply
(kg N hm-2)		 2017/2018 12.2±2.9ns 9.4±2.7
2018/2019 23.3±0.6*** 5.4±1.2
2019/2020 39.3±7.8ns 35.9±2.5
预测模型Prediction model Y = 31.3 T-21.8, R² = 0.9788 Y = 20.6 T-16.3, R² = 0.8455
土壤磷供应
Soil indigenous P supply
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 2017/2018 1.68±0.33ns 2.02±0.15
2018/2019 0.61±0.07* 0.88±0.12
2019/2020 3.03±1.39 ns 3.27±0.70
预测模型Prediction model Y = 1.82 T-0.54, R² = 0.8714 Y = 2.08 T-0.45, R² = 0.9002
土壤钾供应
Soil indigenous K supply
(kg K2O hm-2)		 2017/2018 63.3±12.8ns 44.5±1.3
2018/2019 77.1±13.7* 42.5±5.2
2019/2020 137.6±20.9ns 122.7±32.9
预测模型Prediction model Y = 107.3 T-54.1, R² = 0.9742 Y = 82.6 T-51.5, R² = 0.9272
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