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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 784-794.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21009

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

微喷补灌水肥一体化对冬小麦产量及水分和氮素利用效率的影响

王雪1(), 谷淑波1, 林祥2, 王威雁2, 张保军2, 朱俊科3, 王东2,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    3淄博禾丰种业科技股份有限公司, 山东临淄 255000
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-29 接受日期:2022-06-07 出版日期:2023-03-12 网络出版日期:2022-07-07
  • 通讯作者: 王东
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1643354122@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202010);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021ZDLNY01-05)

Effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and water and fertilizer integration on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat

WANG Xue1(), GU Shu-Bo1, LIN Xiang2, WANG Wei-Yan2, ZHANG Bao-Jun2, ZHU Jun-Ke3, WANG Dong2,*()   

  1. 1Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    3Zibo Hefeng Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Linzi 255000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-01-29 Accepted:2022-06-07 Published:2023-03-12 Published online:2022-07-07
  • Contact: WANG Dong
  • Supported by:
    Key Research & Development Program Project of Shandong Province(LJNY202010);Key Research & Development Program Project of Shaanxi Province(2021ZDLNY01-05)

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摘要：

为探明微喷补灌水肥一体化对冬小麦产量及水分和氮素利用效率的影响, 于2019—2021年冬小麦生长季进行不同水肥管理模式试验。以山农29为试验材料, 采用裂区设计, 设置畦灌(W1)、微喷补灌(W2)两个主区, 设置拔节期随水追施均匀供氮(T1)和开沟条施局部供氮(T2)两个副区。结果表明, 与W1处理相比, W2处理全生育期灌水量两年度分别减少53.3 mm和45.9 mm, 节约用水35.5%和30.6%。同一灌溉模式下, T2处理施肥行在开花期0~80 cm土层和成熟期0~120 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均显著高于T1处理。W1模式下, T1处理开花期和成熟期0~30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于T2处理非施肥行相应土层, 开花期和成熟期0~100 cm土层根长密度、根表面积密度显著高于T2处理的施肥行和非施肥行, 开花后0~20 cm土层根系活力、开花后氮素同化量和营养器官氮素向籽粒转运量、氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、水分利用效率和籽粒产量与T2处理均无显著差异。W2模式下, T1处理开花期和成熟期0~60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于T2处理非施肥行相应土层, 开花期和成熟期0~100 cm土层根长密度和根表面积密度显著高于T2处理的施肥行和非施肥行, 开花后0~20 cm土层根系活力、开花后氮素同化量和营养器官氮素向籽粒转运量、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、水分利用效率和籽粒产量均显著高于T2处理。以上结果说明, 在传统畦灌条件下, 拔节期随水追肥均匀供氮与开沟条施局部供氮相比, 小麦籽粒产量和水分与氮素利用效率无显著差异; 在微喷补灌节水条件下, 拔节期随水追肥均匀供氮明显优于开沟条施局部供氮; 微喷补灌水肥一体化(微喷补灌+拔节期随水追肥均匀供氮)优化了土壤硝态氮的空间分布, 能够在小麦生育中后期保持较高的供氮水平, 显著提高根系吸收面积和吸收强度, 增加开花后氮素同化量和营养器官向籽粒氮素转运量, 与局部供氮处理相比, 实现了籽粒产量和水分与氮素利用效率的同步提高。

关键词: 冬小麦, 水肥一体化, 硝态氮, 根系, 氮素再分配

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and water and fertilizer integration on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat, different water and fertilizer management models were tested in winter wheat growing season from 2019 to 2021. Taking Shannong 29 as the experimental material and adopting the split zone design, two main areas of border irrigation (W1) and supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses (W2), and two sub areas of uniform nitrogen supply with water during jointing (T1) and local nitrogen supply with furrow and strip application (T2) were set. The results showed that compared with W1 treatment, the irrigation amount during the whole growth period of W2 treatment decreased by 53.3 mm and 45.9 mm, saving water by 35.5% and 30.6% in two years, respectively. Under the same irrigation mode, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen in 0-80 cm soil layer at flowering stage and 0-120 cm soil layer at maturity stage in T2 treatment was significantly higher than that in T1 treatment. In W1 mode, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen in 0-30 cm soil layer of T1 treatment at flowering and maturity stages was significantly higher than that in non-fertilization row of T2 treatment, the root length density and root surface area density in 0-100 cm soil layer at flowering and maturity stages were significantly higher than those in fertilization row and non-fertilization row of T2 treatment, the root activity, nitrogen assimilation, and nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to seeds in 0-20 cm soil layer after flowering. There were no significant differences in nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, water use efficiency, and grain yield between T2 treatment and T2 treatment. Under W2 mode, the soil nitrate nitrogen content of 0-60 cm soil layer in T1 treatment at flowering and maturity stages was significantly higher than that of non-fertilization row in T2 treatment. The root length density and root surface area density of 0-100 cm soil layer at flowering and maturity stages were significantly higher than that of fertilization row and non-fertilization row in T2 treatment. The root activity, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to seeds in 0-20 cm soil layer after flowering, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, water use efficiency, and grain yield were significantly higher than those of T2 treatment. In conclusion, the above results showed that under the condition of traditional border irrigation, there was no significant difference in grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency between uniform nitrogen supply with water and topdressing at jointing stage and local nitrogen supply with furrow and strip application. Under the condition of micro spray supplementary irrigation and water saving, the uniform nitrogen supply with water and topdressing at jointing stage was significantly better than the local nitrogen supply of furrow and strip application. The integration of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and topdressing of fertilizer (supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses + uniform topdressing nitrogen with irrigation water at jointing stage) optimized the spatial distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen, which could maintain a high nitrogen supply level in the middle and late growth stage of wheat, significantly improve the absorption area and intensity of roots, and increase the amount of nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to grains after flowering, thus grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency were improved simultaneously.

Key words: winter wheat, water and fertilizer integration, nitrate nitrogen, root, nitrogen redistribution

表1

播前0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量"

年度
Year		 有机质
Organic matter
(%)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Hydrolysable nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)
2019-2020 1.64 1.15 97.80 46.69 182.22
2020-2021 1.83 1.25 98.82 42.06 190.02

表2

冬小麦不同生育阶段降水量"

年份
Year		 生育阶段Growth stages
播种期-越冬期S-W 越冬期-拔节期W-J 拔节期-开花期J-A 开花期-成熟期A-M
2019-2020 54.80 66.00 26.60 58.10
2020-2021 70.60 54.00 34.30 16.20

图1

不同处理施肥和取样示意图 灰色散点指示追施氮肥分布区域, 黑色条带代表微喷带, 红色箭头所指示行间为土壤样品和根系样品的取样行。W1: 畦灌; W2: 微喷补灌; T1: 均匀供氮; T2: 局部供氮。"

图2

不同处理对开花期和成熟期0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响 R: 施肥侧; L: 非施肥侧。"

图3

不同处理对开花期和成熟期0~100 cm土层根长密度的影响 R: 施肥侧; L: 非施肥侧。不同的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图4

不同处理对开花期和成熟期0~100 cm土层根表面积密度的影响 R: 施肥侧; L: 非施肥侧。不同的小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

图5

不同处理对开花后0~20 cm土层根系活力的影响 R: 施肥侧; L: 非施肥侧。"

表3

不同处理对开花后营养器官贮藏氮素再分配的影响"

年度
Year (Y)		 处理Treatment
(T)		 成熟期籽粒氮素积累量
Accumulation of nitrogen in grain at maturity
(kg hm-2)		 开花前营养器官贮藏氮素
Pre-anthesis reserves		 花后同化氮素
Post-anthesis assimilates		 氮素收获指数Nitrogen harvest index
(%)
向籽粒转运量
Translocated to grain
(kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation proportion
(%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate to grain
(%)		 输入籽粒量
Allocation to grain
(kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate to grain
(%)
2019-2020
 W1T1 226.7 b 164.0 a 70.7 b 72.4 b 62.7 b 27.6 b 76.9 b
W1T2 221.1 b 163.9 a 71.0 ab 74.1 b 57.2 b 25.9 b 76.8 b
W2T1 234.6 a 161.7 a 70.6 b 68.9 c 72.9 a 31.1 a 77.7 a
W2T2 201.0 c 154.4 b 71.6 a 76.8 a 46.6 c 23.2 c 76.6 b
2020-2021
 W1T1 240.9 b 175.5 a 70.8 a 72.8 b 65.4 b 27.2 b 76.9 ab
W1T2 235.0 b 174.8 a 71.0 a 74.4 b 60.2 b 25.6 b 76.7 b
W2T1 249.5 a 174.7 a 70.6 a 70.0 c 74.8 a 30.0 a 77.4 a
W2T2 207.7 c 164.7 b 71.2 a 75.6 a 53.0 c 24.4 c 76.6 b
Y * * NS NS * NS NS
W ** ** NS NS NS * NS
T ** ** * ** ** ** **
W×T * * NS * * ** NS

表4

不同处理对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响"

年度
Year (Y)		 处理
Treatment (T)		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2019-2020 W1T1 760 a 31.0 a 44.1 b 9300 a
W1T2 756 a 31.2 a 43.5b 9294 a
W2T1 737 b 30.5 b 45.4 a 9265 a
W2T2 739 b 28.6 c 44.6 b 8547 b
2020-2021 W1T1 630 a 41.2 a 43.4 c 9826 a
W1T2 626 a 41.4 a 43.2 c 9802 a
W2T1 592 b 39.9 b 45.5 a 9787 a
W2T2 596 b 37.3 c 44.2 b 9234 b
Y ** ** NS *
W * ** ** **
T NS ** * **
W×T NS * NS *

表5

不同处理对水氮利用效率的影响"

年度
Year (Y)		 处理
Treatment (T)		 氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(%)		 氮素利用率
NUE
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPn
(kg hm-2)		 水分利用效率
WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019-2020 W1T1 79.9 b 25.2 a 48.4 a 18.8 b
W1T2 78.0 c 25.2 a 48.4 a 18.1 b
W2T1 81.9 a 25.1 a 48.3 a 19.9 a
W2T2 71.1 d 23.2 b 44.5 b 18.2 b
2020-2021 W1T1 83.1 b 26.6 a 51.2 a 18.2 b
W1T2 81.3 c 26.6 a 51.1 a 18.4 b
W2T1 85.5 a 26.5 a 51.0 a 19.0 a
W2T2 75.4 d 25.0 b 48.1 b 17.8 b
Y ** * * NS
W * ** ** NS
T ** * ** NS
W×T * * * *
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