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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 408-422.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.92027

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水肥“三匀”技术对水稻水、氮利用效率的影响

杨志远1,李娜1,马鹏1,严田蓉1,何艳1,蒋明金1,吕腾飞1,李郁1,郭翔2,胡蓉3,郭长春1,孙永健1,马均1,*()   

  1. 1． 四川农业大学水稻研究所 / 作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
    2. 四川省农业气象中心, 四川成都 610072
    3. 四川省原良种试验站, 四川成都 610210
  • 收稿日期:2019-05-10 接受日期:2019-09-26 出版日期:2020-03-12 网络出版日期:2019-10-11
  • 通讯作者: 马均
  • 作者简介:E-mail: dreamislasting@163.com, Tel: 028-86290303
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301701);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301706);四川省教育厅重点项目资助(18ZA0390)

Effects of methodical nitrogen-water distribution management on water and nitrogen use efficiency of rice

Zhi-Yuan YANG1,Na LI1,Peng MA1,Tian-Rong YAN1,Yan HE1,Ming-Jin JIANG1,Teng-Fei LYU1,Yu LI1,Xiang GUO2,Rong HU3,Chang-Chun GUO1,Yong-Jian SUN1,Jun MA1,*()   

  1. 1. Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University / Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2. Sichuan Agro-meteorological Center, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
    3. High Quality Seed Production Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610210, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2019-05-10 Accepted:2019-09-26 Published:2020-03-12 Published online:2019-10-11
  • Contact: Jun MA
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301701);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301706);the Key Research Fund of the Education Department of Sichuan Province(18ZA0390)

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摘要：

本研究通过3个裂区试验探究水肥“三匀”技术对水稻水、氮利用效率的影响。试验1和试验2土壤基础肥力不同, 处理一致, 主区为氮高效品种德香4103和氮低效品种宜香3724, 副区为农民习惯施肥模式(farmer’s usual management, FU)、水肥耦合模式(nitrogen-water coupling management, NWC)、水肥“三匀”模式(methodical nitrogen- water distribution management, MNWD, 采用灌溉水和氮肥投入增频减量一体化的方式), 以各自不施氮肥为对照; 试验3主区为氮高效品种德香4103、F优498及氮低效品种宜香3724、川优6203, 副区为FU、NWC及MNWD。结果表明, MNWD施氮量较NMC和FU降低20%, 灌溉水较NMC减少20%~25%, 较FU减少42%~48%。MNWD茎蘖缓升缓降, 成穗率较高, 与NWC和FU相比, 其花前物质转运量较低, 但花后光合产物积累多, 与NWC产量差异不显著, 较FU平均增产8.77%~14.18%。相关分析显示, 10~20 cm及20~30 cm土层稻株根干重与氮肥回收率、氮肥农学利用率、灌溉水生产效率及水分生产效率显著正相关, MNWD水稻根量大, 分布于10 cm以下土层的根系发达, 利于水氮利用效率提高。与NWC和FU相比, MNWD氮肥回收率平均提高8.07%~11.99%和20.72%~30.78%, 农学利用率平均提高17.44%~27.38%和96.47%~101.42%, 灌溉水生产效率平均提高23.34%~36.67%和76.54%~117.38%, 水分生产效率平均提高8.41%~17.66%和32.23%~65.29%。

关键词: 水稻, 水肥“三匀”技术;, 产量, 水分生产效率, 氮肥利用效率

Abstract:

This study included three split-plot designed experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in two fields with varied soil fertility and consistent treatment. Two rice varieties (Dexiang 4103, high NUE; Yixiang 3724, low NUE) were set as main plot. The sub-plot contained six nitrogen-water management modes (farmer’s usual management, FU; nitrogen-water coupling management, NWC; methodical nitrogen-water distribution management, MNWD; and their respective nitrogen-free controls). The main plot of Exp.3 was two high NUE varieties (Dexiang 4103, Fyou 498) and two low NUE varieties (Yixiang 3724, Chuanyou 6203); FU, NWC, and MNWD assembled the sub-plot. MNWD adopted the method of increasing frequency and reducing quantity, thus the nitrogen application rate was reduced by 20% compared with NWC and FU, the irrigation water amount was reduced by 20% to 25% compared with NWC, and 42% to 48% compared with FU. The stem number of MNWD changed smoothly and its ear bearing tiller percentage was higher. Compared with NWC and FU, the photo assimilation before anthesis MNWD had less, dry matter transportation before anthesis and high accumulation of assimilate after anthesis. The grain yield of MNWD was similar to that of NWC, while 8.77%-14.18% higher than that of FU. Correlation analysis showed that the dry weight of roots in 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), nitrogen agronomy efficiency (NAE), irrigation water production efficiency (IWPE) and water production efficiency (WPE). MNWD had a large amount of root system distributed in the soil layer below 10 cm, which was conducive to the improvement of water and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Compared with NWC and FU, MNWD increased NRE by 8.07%-11.99% and 20.72%-30.78%, NAE by 17.44%-27.38% and 96.47%-101.42%, IWPE by 23.34%-36.67% and 76.54%-117.38%, WPE by 8.41%-17.66% and 32.23%-65.29%, respectively.

Key words: rice, methodical nitrogen-water distribution management, grain yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency

表1

两个试验点水稻生长期间气象条件"

地点
Location		 年份
Year		 全生育期降雨量
Total rainfall of WGS
(mm)		 全生育期日照时数
Total sunshine hours of WGS
(h)		 全生育期日平均温度
Average diurnal temperature of WGS (℃)
温江 Wenjiang 2015 538.8 630.3 22.32
涪城 Fucheng 2017 426.0 757.3 23.88

表2

2015年和2017年耕层土壤养分含量表"

试验
Experiment		 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N (g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K (mg kg-1)
试验1 Exp.1 16.57 1.47 76.46 14.42 79.13
试验2 Exp.2 26.41 2.03 109.65 29.57 110.48
试验3 Exp.3 22.08 1.79 100.33 21.83 98.36

表3

水氮管理模式"

水氮管理模式
Nitrogen-water
management mode		 氮肥管理
Nitrogen management		 水分管理
Water management
农民习惯模式
FU		 150 kg hm-2 N按m基: m蘖=7 : 3分别于移栽前1 d和移栽后7 d施用。
150 kg hm-2 of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of m (basal fertilizer) : m (tillering fertilizer) = 7 : 3, at 1 d before and 7 d after transplanting.		 淹水灌溉: 水稻移栽后田面一直保持1~3 cm水层, 收获前1周自然落干。
Flood irrigation: after rice transplanting, a 1-3 cm water layer was always maintained above the surface of the paddy fields and dried naturally at 1 week before harvest.
农民习惯模式对照
CTF		 水稻季不施 N。
No N was applied in rice season.		 淹水灌溉。
Flood irrigation.
水肥耦合模式
NWC		 150 kg hm-2 N按m基:m蘖:m穗=3 : 3 : 4分别于移栽前1 d、移栽后7 d、倒四叶及倒二叶期(穗肥分2次)施用。
150 kg hm-2 of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of m (base fertilizer) : m (tillering fertilizer) : m (panicle fertilizer) = 3 : 3 : 4, at 1 d before and 7 d after transplanting, and at the reciprocal 4th and 2nd leaf stages (panicle fertilizer was divided into 2 portions).		 控制性灌溉: 浅水(1 cm左右)栽秧, 移栽后5~7 d田间保持2 cm水层确保秧苗返青成活, 之后至孕穗前田面不保持水层, 土壤含水量为饱和含水量的70%~80%, 无效分蘖期晒田; 孕穗期土表保持1~3 cm水层; 抽穗至成熟期采用灌透水、自然落干至土壤水势为-25 kPa时再灌水。
Controlled irrigation: transplanting was done in shallow water (~1 cm), a 2 cm water layer was maintained in the fields to 5-7 d after transplanting to ensure that the seedlings turned green and survival, after that, drained surface water and maintained a soil moisture of 70%-80% of saturated water content before booting stage, the fields were dried during the ineffective tillering stage, a 1-3 cm water layer was maintained above the soil surface during the booting stage, and performed alternate wetting and drying irrigation from heading to maturity (irrigated to 1-3 cm water and dried naturally to the soil water potential of -25 kPa).
水肥耦合模式对照
CTN		 水稻季不施N。
No N was applied in rice season.		 控制性灌溉。
Controlled irrigation.
水肥“三匀”模式
MNWD		 15、15、30、15、15、15和 15 kg hm-2 (合计120 kg hm-2) N分别于移栽后 7、14、35、49、56、70和 77 d施用。
15, 15, 30, 15, 15, 15, and 15 kg hm-2 (total 120 kg hm-2) of N fertilizer were applied at 7, 14, 35, 49, 56, 70, and 77 d after transplanting.		 “匀水”管理: 浅水(1 cm左右)栽秧, 随后利用水肥一体化设备将施肥与灌水同步进行, 若灌水施肥时田面有水层则灌水量以水面升高1 cm左右为宜, 若灌水施肥时田面无水层则灌水至土壤饱和即可; 非施肥时间段若田面裂口超过2 cm亦补灌至土壤饱和。
Uniform water management: transplanting was done in shallow water (~1 cm), nitrogen-water synchronization equipment was used to fertilize and irrigate the fields simultaneously, if there was already a water layer in the fields, the amount of irrigation water applied increased the layer by ~1 cm. If there was no existing water layer, irrigation was done until soil saturation, during non-fertilizing periods, irrigation water was replenished until soil saturation whenever the fields’ surface cracks larger than 2 cm appeared.
水肥“三匀”模式对照
CTM		 水稻季不施 N。
No N was applied in rice season.		 “匀水”管理。
Uniform water management.

表4

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻产量及物质生产转运的影响(温江, 2015)"

试验Experiment 因素
Factor		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质积累
DMBF
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物质积累
DMAF
(kg hm-2)		 总干物质积累
TDM
(kg hm-2)		 花前物质转运
TDMBF
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数
HI
(%)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
试验1
Exp.1
(低肥力
土壤 Low fertility soil)
 品种
Cultivar (C)		 D4103 9730 a 4504 a 14234 a 2828 a 51.89 a 8476 a
Y3724 8352 b 4079 a 12431 b 2266 a 51.40 a 7335 b
氮肥管理
Nitrogen
management (N)		 CTF 7169 d 4116 c 11285 c 1788 d 52.31 bc 6826 c
FU 10608 c 3870 cd 14478 b 3593 a 51.52 c 8627 b
CTN 7112 d 3471 d 10583 d 2267 c 54.19 a 6633 cd
NWC 11672 a 4880 b 16523 a 3321 a 49.56 d 9481 a
CTM 6425 e 4089 c 10514 d 1518 d 53.36 ab 6482 d
MNWD 11262 b 5322 a 16584 a 2795 b 48.94 d 9384 a
F值
F-value		 C 627.67** 7.50NS 109.66** 12.21* 0.39NS 1857.57**
N 709.04** 24.34** 619.84** 41.51** 14.19** 453.60**
N*C 4.63** 0.37NS 1.52NS 1.00NS 0.51NS 0.88 NS
试验2
Exp.2
(高肥力
土壤 High fertility soil)

 品种
Cultivar (C)		 D4103 10975 a 5605 a 16570 a 2697 a 51.41 a 9598 a
Y3724 9572 b 4760 b 14332 b 2575 a 50.42 a 8479 b
氮肥管理
Nitrogen
management (N)		 CTF 8220 c 4542 d 12762 d 2103 c 52.18 a 7683 d
FU 11438 b 4376 d 15814 b 3666 a 50.88 ab 9297 b
CTN 8414 c 4690 cd 13104 cd 2170 bc 52.34 a 7930 c
NWC 12832 a 5811 b 18643 a 3383 a 49.35 bc 10629 a
CTM 8138 c 5199 c 13337 c 1789 c 52.42 a 8078 c
MNWD 12570 a 6477 a 19047 a 2705 b 48.30 c 10615 a
F值
F-value		 C 10239.23** 34.95* 274.65** 1.04NS 4.68NS 168.41**
N 551.69** 17.95** 403.04** 16.38** 9.54** 264.27**
N*C 1.93NS 1.80NS 4.26** 1.37NS 1.32NS 1.24NS

表5

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻产量及物质生产转运的影响(试验3: 涪城, 2017)"

因素
Factor		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质积累
DMBF
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物质积累
DMAF
(kg hm-2)		 总干物质积累
TDM
(kg hm-2)		 花前物质转运
TDMBF
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数
HI
(%)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
品种
Cultivar (C)		 D4103 12050 a 5682 a 17732 a 3457 a 51.57 a 10565 a
F498 12173 a 5668 a 17441 a 3513 a 52.72 a 10613 a
Y3724 10525 b 4733 b 15258 b 3264 a 52.47 a 9245 b
C6203 10437 b 4810 b 15247 b 3200 a 52.55 a 9261 b
氮肥管理
Nitrogen
management (N)		 FU 10635 c 4297 c 14932 c 3579 a 52.78 a 9105 b
NWC 11811 a 5137 b 16948 b 3758 a 52.49 a 10283 a
MNWD 11443 b 5936 a 17389 a 3039 b 51.72 a 10375 a
F值
F-value		 C 21.36** 6.11** 23.52** 1.53NS 0.51NS 31.53**
N 39.40** 1.33NS 18.92** 0.85NS 0.37NS 28.11**
N*C 0.19NS 0.05NS 0.08NS 0.12NS 0.26NS 0.32NS

图1

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下茎蘖动态(温江, 2015) 缩写同表4。"

图2

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下茎蘖动态(涪城, 2017) F498: F优498; C6203: 川优6203。 缩写同表4。"

图3

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下根系生长及分布(温江, 2015) 缩写同表4和图2。"

图4

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下根系生长及分布(涪城, 2017) 缩写同表4和图2。"

表6

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻氮素积累及氮肥利用的影响"

因素
Factor		 处理
Treatment		 试验1 Exp.1 试验2 Exp.2 试验3 Exp.3
总吸氮量
TNA
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥回收
率 NRE
(%)		 氮肥农学利
用率NAE
(kg kg-1)		 总吸氮量
TNA
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥回收
率 NRE
(%)		 氮肥农学利
用率NAE
(kg kg-1)		 总吸氮量
TNA
(kg hm-2)
品种
Cultivar (C)		 D4103 150.65 a 51.56 a 19.07 a 171.06 a 48.60 a 17.40 a 202.35 a
F498 — — — — — — 200.31 a
Y3724 140.71 b 48.53 a 17.72 a 158.77 b 42.94 a 15.87 a 173.82 b
C6203 — — — — — — 173.11 b
氮肥管理
Nitrogen
management
(N)		 CTF 108.42 d — — 126.39 d — — —
FU 176.20 b 45.18 b 12.01 c 185.65 b 39.51 c 10.76 c 175.50 c
CTN 110.59 cd — — 135.39 d — — —
NWC 186.25 a 50.44 a 18.99 b 204.64 a 46.14 b 18.00 b 196.73 a
CTM 113.60 c — — 137.67 c — — —
MNWD 179.01 b 54.51 a 24.19 a 199.69 a 51.67 a 21.14 a 189.96 b
F值
F-value		 C 94.74** 4.67NS 3.94NS 408.63** 13.62NS 0.68NS 173.71**
N 39.00** 9.74** 85.00** 179.92** 14.72** 48.79** 60.55**
N*C 0.57NS 0.08NS 0.82NS 0.79NS 0.68NS 0.30NS 1.42NS

图5

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下灌水量及水分利用(温江, 2015) 缩写同表4和图2。"

图6

不同氮效率水稻差异型水氮管理条件下灌水量及水分利用(涪城, 2017) 缩写同表4和图2。"

表7

各土层根干重与氮素积累及水、氮利用的相关性"

试验
Experiment		 时期
Stage		 土层深度
DS		 总吸氮量
TNA		 氮肥回收率
NRE		 氮肥农学利用率
NAE		 灌溉水生产效率
IWPE		 水分生产效率
WPE
试验1
Exp.1		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 0-10 cm 0.22NS 0.33NS 0.17NS 0.28NS 0.34NS
10-20 cm 0.25NS 0.77** 0.84** 0.85** 0.81**
20-30 cm 0.13NS 0.79** 0.96** 0.96** 0.88**
0-30 cm 0.27NS 0.62** 0.54* 0.64** 0.66**
抽穗期
Heading stage		 0-10 cm 0.20NS 0.27NS 0.35NS 0.39NS 0.46NS
10-20 cm 0.30NS 0.65** 0.64** 0.71** 0.71**
20-30 cm 0.24NS 0.61** 0.76** 0.85** 0.80**
0-30 cm 0.29NS 0.52* 0.61** 0.68** 0.72**
试验2
Exp.2		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 0-10 cm 0.61** 0.52* 0.45NS 0.38NS 0.45NS
10-20 cm 0.70** 0.78** 0.86** 0.91** 0.92**
20-30 cm 0.51* 0.82** 0.86** 0.97** 0.91**
0-30 cm 0.73** 0.72** 0.69** 0.66** 0.71**
抽穗期
Heading stage		 0-10 cm 0.63** 0.55* 0.39NS 0.48* 0.54*
10-20 cm 0.67** 0.72** 0.81** 0.80** 0.83**
20-30 cm 0.51* 0.70** 0.68** 0.83** 0.81**
0-30 cm 0.71** 0.67** 0.57* 0.66** 0.71**
试验3
Exp.3		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 0-10 cm 0.80** — — 0.54** 0.62**
10-20 cm 0.63** — — 0.88** 0.90**
20-30 cm 0.42* — — 0.98** 0.96**
0-30 cm 0.81** — — 0.73** 0.79**
抽穗期
Heading stage		 0-10 cm 0.72** — — 0.63** 0.69**
10-20 cm 0.71** — — 0.81** 0.85**
20-30 cm 0.63** — — 0.85** 0.86**
0-30 cm 0.75** — — 0.73** 0.78**
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