旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11034

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同降水年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量、氮素利用及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响, 探讨渭北旱塬旱作麦田稳产增效的最佳氮素投入量, 为高效施氮提供理论依据。田间定位施氮试验于2017—2020年连续3年在陕西合阳县开展, 以长6359为试验材料, 设置5个施氮量处理包括0、60、120、180和240 kg hm^-2 (分别以N0、N60、N120、N180和N240表示), 研究旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应。连续3年定位试验表明: (1) 降水年型对冬小麦产量和经济收益影响显著, 丰水年较平水年和欠水年分别增产33.6%和113.3%, 经济收益提高2~3倍以上。冬小麦氮肥回收利用率和农学效率与产量有相似的变化规律, 丰水年氮肥回收利用率和农学效率较平水年和欠水年分别提高4.7个百分点、0.6 kg kg^-1 (平水年)和11.9个百分点、2.5 kg kg^-1 (欠水年)。(2) 无论何种降水年型, 冬小麦产量、氮肥回收利用率和农学效率均随施氮量增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。在丰水年和平水年, 均以N180处理下最高, 收获期0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累分别为108.9 kg hm^-2和113.6 kg hm^-2; 在欠水年则以N120处理下最高, 收获期0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累为100.8 kg hm^-2。(3) 通过最佳经济效益和最高产量来拟定氮素投入阈值, 丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为158.9~166.5、121.2~130.0和148.1~155.7 kg hm^-2; 通过土壤氮库平衡和最高吸氮量来拟定氮素投入阈值, 丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为166.5~190.3、109.6~147.7和153.5~198.9 kg hm^-2。综合考虑冬小麦高产高效及低土壤氮素损失下得出, 渭北旱塬丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为158.9~190.3、109.6~147.7和148.1~198.9 kg hm^-2时, 是兼顾产量和环境效益的适宜施氮量, 可供本地区生产中参考。

关键词: 降水年型, 渭北旱地, 氮素平衡, 冬小麦, 硝态氮

Abstract:

To study the effects of nitrogen application rate on grain yield, nitrogen utilization, and soil nitrogen balance of dryland winter wheat fields under different rainfall types, we explored the optimal nitrogen input levels for stable yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in the Weibei highland of North China, which could provide a theoretical basis for efficient fertilization. Five nitrogen treatments including 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg hm^-2 (designated as N0, N60, N120, N180, and N240, respectively) were arranged in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2020. The three-year in situ experiment were as follows: (1) Different rainfall types had significant impact on yield and economic profits of winter wheat. Compared with the normal and dry year, the yield of the humid year was increased by 33.6% and 113.3% and economic profits were increased by two to three times or more. Nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat had similar change patterns with yield, and the nitrogen fertilizer recycling, and agronomic efficiency were increased by 4.7%, 0.6 kg kg^-1 (normal year), and 11.9%, 2.5 kg kg^-1 (dry year) in the humid year compared with the normal and dry year. (2) Regardless of the rainfall type, the yield and nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat increase first and then decrease with the increase of N application. The highest values were found under N180 treatment in both humid and normal years, and the NO₃^--N accumulation in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest were 108.9 and 113.6 kg hm^-2, respectively. In dry year, the NO₃^--N accumulation under N120 treatment in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest was 100.8 kg hm^-2 reaching the highest value. (3) The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the best economic benefit and the highest yield, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-166.5, 121.2-130.0, and 148.1-155.7 kg hm^-2, respectively; The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the balance of soil nitrogen pool and the maximum nitrogen uptake, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 166.5-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 153.5-198.9 kg hm^-2, respectively. Considering the high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat and low soil nitrogen loss, we concluded that when the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 148.1-198.9 kg hm^-2, respectively. It was the suitable nitrogen application rate for both high yield and good environmental benefits, which could be benefit for reference in the production of this region.

Key words: rainfall type, Weibei dryland, nitrogen balance, winter wheat, nitrate nitrogen

郭星宇, 刘朋召, 王瑞, 王小利, 李军. 旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(5): 1262-1272.

GUO Xing-Yu, LIU Peng-Zhao, WANG Rui, WANG Xiao-Li, LI Jun. Response of winter wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance to rainfall types and nitrogen application rate in dryland[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1262-1272.

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土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
0-20	11.38	0.8	0.5	7.2	35.7	9.2	177.2
20-40	8.53	0.6	0.4	7.7	33.6	8.4	103.3
40-60	8.41	0.5	0.3	7.6	40.9	3.6	98.8

年份 Year	AR (mm)	TPF (mm)	TPG (mm)	DI	降水年型 Rainfall type
2017-2018	528.4	264.2	264.2	0.6	H
2018-2019	352.2	214.4	137.8	-1.8	D
2019-2020	470.8	248.6	222.2	-0.2	N

种子及肥料投入 Seed and fertilizers inputs (Yuan kg^-1)				其他投入 Other inputs (Yuan hm^-2)
尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Superphosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate	种子 Seed	整地 Tillage	播种 Sowing	收割 Reaping	除草 Herbicide	喷药 Medicament
1.6	0.9	3.8	4.3	600	750	750	900	375

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	生产投入 Production input (Yuan hm^-2)	产量收益 Yield income (Yuan hm^-2)	经济收益 Net income (Yuan hm^-2)
2017-2018 丰水年型 Humid year	N0	3546 d	349.8 a	28.5 b	44.7 a	5900 c	7800 c	1900 c
	N60	4036 c	341.6 a	28.5 b	44.9 b	5833 c	8879 b	3046 b
	N120	4762 a	349.5 a	29.4 b	45.0 a	6040 bc	10,477 a	4437 a
	N180	4876 a	348.0 a	37.1 a	45.6 a	6247 ab	10,728 a	4481 a
	N240	4465 b	346.8 a	33.4 a	44.5 a	6454 a	9822 a	3368 b
2018-2019 欠水年型 Dry year	N0	1626 d	169.5 b	12.5 c	26.6 c	5900 c	3578 d	-2322 c
	N60	2126 bc	178.2 a	15.2 ab	28.6 b	5833 c	4677 b	-1156 b
	N120	2382 a	183.7 a	16.6 a	29.8 a	6040 bc	5239 a	-801 a
	N180	2183 ab	185.7 a	14.2 b	28.4 b	6247 ab	4803 ab	-1444 b
	N240	1851 c	193.0 a	10.1 d	28.1 b	6454 a	40,738 c	-2076 c
2019-2020 平水年型 Normal year	N0	2553 c	292.7 b	25.8 b	40.4 c	5900 c	5616 d	-284 e
	N60	3092 b	308.8 a	27.8 ab	41.3 c	5833 c	6802 c	969 c
	N120	3551 ab	305.0 a	28.2 ab	42.4 b	6040 bc	7812 ab	1772 b
	N180	3800 a	318.6 a	30.1 a	43.4 a	6247 ab	8360 a	2113 a
	N240	3231 b	308.8 a	27.7 ab	39.4 e	6454 a	7109 bc	655 d

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吸氮量 N output (kg hm^-2)	氮肥回收利用率 Recovery efficiency of N (%)	氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of N (kg kg^-1)
2017-2018 丰水年 Humid year	N0	124.6 c	—	—
	N60	138.8 b	29.0 b	6.9 c
	N120	163.9 a	32.7 ab	8.1 b
	N180	169.9 a	39.8 a	9.1 a
	N240	162.0 a	19.3 c	3.5 d
2018-2019 欠水年 Dry year	N0	73.0 c	—	—
	N60	92.4 b	13.3 c	3.1 c
	N120	118.3 a	32.0 a	7.4 a
	N180	106.2 a	16.8 b	6.3 b
	N240	97.4 b	11.2 c	0.9 d
2019-2020 平水年 Normal year	N0	121.6 c	—	—
	N60	134.7 bc	24.2 b	6.7 b
	N120	148.5 ab	28.7 ab	7.5 ab
	N180	159.9 a	32.3 a	8.3 a
	N240	151.6 ab	16.8 c	2.8 c