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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (5): 1262-1272.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11034

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应

郭星宇(), 刘朋召, 王瑞, 王小利, 李军*()   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2021-03-29 接受日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2022-05-12 网络出版日期:2021-07-15
  • 通讯作者: 李军
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1140652623@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2013AA102902);国家自然科学基金项目资助(31801300)

Response of winter wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance to rainfall types and nitrogen application rate in dryland

GUO Xing-Yu(), LIU Peng-Zhao, WANG Rui, WANG Xiao-Li, LI Jun*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2021-03-29 Accepted:2021-06-16 Published:2022-05-12 Published online:2021-07-15
  • Contact: LI Jun
  • Supported by:
    National Key Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B02);National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(2013AA102902);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300)

摘要:

研究不同降水年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量、氮素利用及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响, 探讨渭北旱塬旱作麦田稳产增效的最佳氮素投入量, 为高效施氮提供理论依据。田间定位施氮试验于2017—2020年连续3年在陕西合阳县开展, 以长6359为试验材料, 设置5个施氮量处理包括0、60、120、180和240 kg hm-2 (分别以N0、N60、N120、N180和N240表示), 研究旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应。连续3年定位试验表明: (1) 降水年型对冬小麦产量和经济收益影响显著, 丰水年较平水年和欠水年分别增产33.6%和113.3%, 经济收益提高2~3倍以上。冬小麦氮肥回收利用率和农学效率与产量有相似的变化规律, 丰水年氮肥回收利用率和农学效率较平水年和欠水年分别提高4.7个百分点、0.6 kg kg-1 (平水年)和11.9个百分点、2.5 kg kg-1 (欠水年)。(2) 无论何种降水年型, 冬小麦产量、氮肥回收利用率和农学效率均随施氮量增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。在丰水年和平水年, 均以N180处理下最高, 收获期0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累分别为108.9 kg hm-2和113.6 kg hm-2; 在欠水年则以N120处理下最高, 收获期0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累为100.8 kg hm-2。(3) 通过最佳经济效益和最高产量来拟定氮素投入阈值, 丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为158.9~166.5、121.2~130.0和148.1~155.7 kg hm-2; 通过土壤氮库平衡和最高吸氮量来拟定氮素投入阈值, 丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为166.5~190.3、109.6~147.7和153.5~198.9 kg hm-2。综合考虑冬小麦高产高效及低土壤氮素损失下得出, 渭北旱塬丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮量分别为158.9~190.3、109.6~147.7和148.1~198.9 kg hm-2时, 是兼顾产量和环境效益的适宜施氮量, 可供本地区生产中参考。

关键词: 降水年型, 渭北旱地, 氮素平衡, 冬小麦, 硝态氮

Abstract:

To study the effects of nitrogen application rate on grain yield, nitrogen utilization, and soil nitrogen balance of dryland winter wheat fields under different rainfall types, we explored the optimal nitrogen input levels for stable yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in the Weibei highland of North China, which could provide a theoretical basis for efficient fertilization. Five nitrogen treatments including 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg hm-2 (designated as N0, N60, N120, N180, and N240, respectively) were arranged in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2020. The three-year in situ experiment were as follows: (1) Different rainfall types had significant impact on yield and economic profits of winter wheat. Compared with the normal and dry year, the yield of the humid year was increased by 33.6% and 113.3% and economic profits were increased by two to three times or more. Nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat had similar change patterns with yield, and the nitrogen fertilizer recycling, and agronomic efficiency were increased by 4.7%, 0.6 kg kg-1 (normal year), and 11.9%, 2.5 kg kg-1 (dry year) in the humid year compared with the normal and dry year. (2) Regardless of the rainfall type, the yield and nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat increase first and then decrease with the increase of N application. The highest values were found under N180 treatment in both humid and normal years, and the NO3--N accumulation in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest were 108.9 and 113.6 kg hm-2, respectively. In dry year, the NO3--N accumulation under N120 treatment in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest was 100.8 kg hm-2 reaching the highest value. (3) The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the best economic benefit and the highest yield, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-166.5, 121.2-130.0, and 148.1-155.7 kg hm-2, respectively; The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the balance of soil nitrogen pool and the maximum nitrogen uptake, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 166.5-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 153.5-198.9 kg hm-2, respectively. Considering the high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat and low soil nitrogen loss, we concluded that when the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 148.1-198.9 kg hm-2, respectively. It was the suitable nitrogen application rate for both high yield and good environmental benefits, which could be benefit for reference in the production of this region.

Key words: rainfall type, Weibei dryland, nitrogen balance, winter wheat, nitrate nitrogen

表1

2017年试验前供试土壤化学性质"

土壤深度
Soil depth
(cm)
有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)
全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)
全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)
速效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)
速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)
速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
0-20 11.38 0.8 0.5 7.2 35.7 9.2 177.2
20-40 8.53 0.6 0.4 7.7 33.6 8.4 103.3
40-60 8.41 0.5 0.3 7.6 40.9 3.6 98.8

表2

2017-2020年冬小麦生育年降水年型划分情况"

年份
Year
AR
(mm)
TPF
(mm)
TPG
(mm)
DI 降水年型
Rainfall type
2017-2018 528.4 264.2 264.2 0.6 H
2018-2019 352.2 214.4 137.8 -1.8 D
2019-2020 470.8 248.6 222.2 -0.2 N

图1

不同降水年型冬小麦生育期降雨分布情况 缩写同表2。"

表3

冬小麦生产投入"

种子及肥料投入 Seed and fertilizers inputs (Yuan kg-1) 其他投入 Other inputs (Yuan hm-2)
尿素
Urea
过磷酸钙
Superphosphate
硫酸钾
Potassium sulfate
种子
Seed
整地
Tillage
播种
Sowing
收割
Reaping
除草
Herbicide
喷药
Medicament
1.6 0.9 3.8 4.3 600 750 750 900 375

表4

不同降水年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量和经济效益的影响"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)
穗粒数
Grains per spike
千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)
生产投入
Production input
(Yuan hm-2)
产量收益
Yield income
(Yuan hm-2)
经济收益
Net income
(Yuan hm-2)
2017-2018
丰水年型
Humid year
N0 3546 d 349.8 a 28.5 b 44.7 a 5900 c 7800 c 1900 c
N60 4036 c 341.6 a 28.5 b 44.9 b 5833 c 8879 b 3046 b
N120 4762 a 349.5 a 29.4 b 45.0 a 6040 bc 10,477 a 4437 a
N180 4876 a 348.0 a 37.1 a 45.6 a 6247 ab 10,728 a 4481 a
N240 4465 b 346.8 a 33.4 a 44.5 a 6454 a 9822 a 3368 b
2018-2019
欠水年型
Dry year
N0 1626 d 169.5 b 12.5 c 26.6 c 5900 c 3578 d -2322 c
N60 2126 bc 178.2 a 15.2 ab 28.6 b 5833 c 4677 b -1156 b
N120 2382 a 183.7 a 16.6 a 29.8 a 6040 bc 5239 a -801 a
N180 2183 ab 185.7 a 14.2 b 28.4 b 6247 ab 4803 ab -1444 b
N240 1851 c 193.0 a 10.1 d 28.1 b 6454 a 40,738 c -2076 c
2019-2020
平水年型
Normal year
N0 2553 c 292.7 b 25.8 b 40.4 c 5900 c 5616 d -284 e
N60 3092 b 308.8 a 27.8 ab 41.3 c 5833 c 6802 c 969 c
N120 3551 ab 305.0 a 28.2 ab 42.4 b 6040 bc 7812 ab 1772 b
N180 3800 a 318.6 a 30.1 a 43.4 a 6247 ab 8360 a 2113 a
N240 3231 b 308.8 a 27.7 ab 39.4 e 6454 a 7109 bc 655 d

表5

不同降水年型冬小麦氮肥回收利用率和农学效率"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
吸氮量
N output (kg hm-2)
氮肥回收利用率
Recovery efficiency of N (%)
氮肥农学效率
Agronomic efficiency of N (kg kg-1)
2017-2018
丰水年
Humid year
N0 124.6 c
N60 138.8 b 29.0 b 6.9 c
N120 163.9 a 32.7 ab 8.1 b
N180 169.9 a 39.8 a 9.1 a
N240 162.0 a 19.3 c 3.5 d
2018-2019
欠水年
Dry year
N0 73.0 c
N60 92.4 b 13.3 c 3.1 c
N120 118.3 a 32.0 a 7.4 a
N180 106.2 a 16.8 b 6.3 b
N240 97.4 b 11.2 c 0.9 d
2019-2020
平水年
Normal year
N0 121.6 c
N60 134.7 bc 24.2 b 6.7 b
N120 148.5 ab 28.7 ab 7.5 ab
N180 159.9 a 32.3 a 8.3 a
N240 151.6 ab 16.8 c 2.8 c

图2

2017-2020年不同施氮量下冬小麦收获期0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量 H: 丰水年(2017-2018年); D: 欠水年(2018-2019年); N: 平水年(2019-2020年)。处理同表4。"

表6

不同降水年型施氮量对冬小麦土壤氮素表观平衡的影响"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
施氮量
N input
还田秸秆含氮量
Straw returning N
播前土壤含氮量
Initial N
吸氮量
N output
收获后土壤含氮量
Accumulation N after harvest
氮素表观盈余
Surplus
2017-2018
丰水年
Humid year
N0 0 60.0 56.9 124.6 c 25.4 e -33.1 e
N60 60 60.0 56.9 138.8 b 57.8 d -19.6 d
N120 120 60.0 56.9 163.9 a 72.6 c 0.4 c
N180 180 60.0 56.9 169.9 a 108.6 b 18.1 b
N240 240 60.0 56.9 162.0 a 157.2 a 37.7 a
2018-2019
欠水年
Dry year
N0 0 36.5 38.4 73.0 c 31.7 e -29.8 e
N60 60 41.6 43.1 92.4 b 67.0 d -14.7 d
N120 120 47.9 66.1 118.3 a 100.8 c 14.9 c
N180 180 50.9 74.5 106.2 a 132.4 b 66.9 b
N240 240 48.6 122.5 97.4 b 200.5 a 113.2 a
2019-2020
平水年
Normal year
N0 0 36.5 45.1 121.6 c 33.5 e -73.5 d
N60 60 46.1 41.4 134.7 bc 64.1 d -51.2 c
N120 120 60.3 72.0 148.5 ab 92.2 c 11.6 b
N180 180 65.5 102.9 159.9 a 113.6 b 74.9 a
N240 240 59.6 152.7 151.6 ab 222.9 a 77.8 a

图3

不同降水年型冬小麦氮肥用量与理论最高产量和吸氮量的回归分析 H: 丰水年(2017-2018年); D: 欠水年(2018-2019年); N: 平水年(2019-2020年)。"

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