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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 342-350.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04091

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

王媛1,2(), 王劲松1, 董二伟1, 武爱莲1, 焦晓燕1,*()   

  1. 1山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所, 山西太原 030031
    2高粱遗传与种质创新山西省重点实验室, 山西晋中 030600
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-13 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2021-02-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-04
  • 通讯作者: 焦晓燕
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangyuan1520@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-13.5-A20);山西省应用基础青年科技研究基金项目(201901D211559);高粱遗传与种质创新山西省重点实验室开放基金项目(2019K-2)

Effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization with different levels on sorghum grain yield, nitrogen use characteristics and soil nitrate distribution

WANG Yuan1,2(), WANG Jin-Song1, DONG Er-Wei1, WU Ai-Lian1, JIAO Xiao-Yan1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Sorghum Genetics & Germplasm Innovation, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-04-13 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2021-02-12 Published online:2020-09-04
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-06-13.5-A20);Science and Technology Research Project in Shanxi Province(201901D211559);Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Sorghum Genetics & Germplasm Innovation(2019K-2)

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摘要：

本研究于2015—2019年以晋杂34、辽杂27、晋饲2号、晋糯3号和汾酒粱1号为研究对象, 设0 (N0)、75 (N75)、150 (N150)、225 (N225)、300 (N300)、450 kg hm-2 (N450) 6个氮素水平, 调查其对产量性状、淀粉含量和土壤硝态氮以及氮素利用特性指标的影响, 以探讨高粱合理的氮素施用方案。结果表明, 高粱的产量、穗粒数及植株地上部氮素累积量, 随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后趋于稳定的趋势, 其中以N75处理增幅最大, 较N0处理最大增幅分别可达23.68%、48.05%和51.86%; 籽粒淀粉含量、5年叠加氮肥利用率、5年叠加氮肥农学效率和氮素5年叠加表观回收率随施氮水平的增加都存在不同程度的降低, 其中N75处理下5年叠加氮肥利用率为63.01%, 较N150处理提高了76.91%; 籽粒淀粉产量则随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。连续施氮4~5年后, 施氮量≥225 kg hm-2, 残留的硝态氮在60~200 cm土层逐年累积, 且在0~200 cm土层存在明显的累积峰, 硝态氮淋失风险加剧。施氮量75~150 kg hm-2之间, 在满足高粱植株基本生长需求的同时, 可以弥补了土壤氮库的消耗, 有效降低了土壤硝态氮的淋失, 亦有利于高粱产量和籽粒淀粉产量的形成。

关键词: 高粱, 施氮水平, 氮素利用特性, 土壤硝态氮

Abstract:

To determine a suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate, an experiment was conducted using Jinza 34, Liaoza 27, Jinsi 2, Jinnuo 3, and Fenjiuliang 1 with six nitrogen (N) fertilization levels, including 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 150 (N150), 225 (N225), 300 (N300), and 450 kg hm-2 (N450). The effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization with different levels on sorghum grain yield, nitrogen use characteristics and soil nitrate nitrogen distribution were investigated. The grain yield, grain number and N accumulation of sorghum increased initially and then tended to be stabile with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Among them, the maximum increase of sorghum under N75 treatment compared with that under N0 treatment was 23.68%, 48.05%, and 51.86%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the grain starch content decreased, while the grain starch yield increased firstly and then decreased. Nitrogen apparent recovery rate, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency which were accumulated for five years were reduced significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with the N150 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency accumulated for five years under N75 treatment, which was 63.01%, was increased by 76.91%. When nitrogen fertilizer application was beyond 225 kg hm-2, after four to five years later, nitrate nitrogen residue was increased rapidly in the 60-200 cm soil layer year by year, NO3--N accumulation peaks distributed in the 0-200 cm soil layer and the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching was increased. In view of the yield, starch yield, nitrogen utilization and environmental benefit, the reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application for sorghum was between 75 kg hm-2 and 150 kg hm-2.

Key words: sorghum, nitrogen fertilizer application, nitrogen utilization characteristics, soil nitrate nitrogen distribution

表1

生育期降水量(2015-2019)"

时期
Period		 降水量Precipitation
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 平均Average
5月May 32.0 20.2 15.0 48.6 0.6 27.8
6月June 15.5 61.9 70.8 54.3 45.8 52.3
7月July 74.4 256.6 143.1 143.5 45.6 119.1
8月August 67.6 137.5 124.2 77.2 48.8 83.2
9月September 68.1 19.8 3.4 56.8 73.4 69.3
生育期Total growth period 257.6 496.0 356.5 380.4 214.2 351.7

表2

供试高粱品种及种植模式"

年份
Year		 品种名称
Variety		 生育期
Growth period
(d)		 来源
Origin		 种植密度
Planting density
(×104 plant hm-2)
2015 晋杂34号
Jinza 34		 132 山西省农业科学院高粱研究所
Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences		 18.0
2016 辽杂27号
Liaoza 27		 110 辽宁省农业科学院
Liaoning Academy of Agriculture Sciences		 13.5
2017 晋饲2号
Jinsi 2		 125 山西省农业科学院高粱研究所
Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences		 16.5
2018 晋糯3号
Jinnuo 3		 120 山西省农业科学院高粱研究所
Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences		 12.0
2019 汾酒粱1号
Fenjiuliang 1		 127 山西省农业科学院高粱研究所
Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Sciences		 18.0

表3

不同施氮水平下高粱产量和植株地上部氮素累积量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per ear		 氮素吸收量
N accumulation
(kg hm-2)
2015 N0 8828.00±425.81 a 23.58±0.82 a 1954.49±84.55 a 176.03±3.35 a
N75 9474.50±223.62 b 24.01±2.31 a 1925.23±229.71 a 225.93±7.43 b
N150 9398.50±263.27 ab 22.13±1.25 a 2200.79±158.03 a 227.53±9.59 b
N225 9373.00±408.22 ab 22.17±0.40 a 2044.42±114.56 a 220.93±13.63 b
N300 9157.50±231.13 ab 23.28±0.97 a 1992.32±185.57 a 250.97±9.57 c
N450 9178.00±107.92 ab 23.39±1.04 a 2019.53±93.40 a 264.37±5.75 c
2016 N0 6558.45±867.17 a 25.38±1.08 a 1785.01±96.17 a 126.20±23.91 a
N75 8039.30±783.39 b 26.67±0.95 ab 2141.66±223.08 b 195.45±38.84 b
N150 8609.20±699.18 b 27.81±0.44 b 1969.83±118.01 ab 191.70±1.08 b
N225 8523.85±785.79 b 27.08±0.45 ab 2120.00±168.73 b 191.70±17.16 b
N300 7720.10±358.35 ab 27.09±2.26 ab 2133.19±203.92 b 187.65±33.45 b
N450 8016.70±636.33 b 27.32±0.78 ab 2005.44±40.11 ab 193.65±6.94 b
2017 N0 6049.05±302.83 a 20.25±2.02 a 1752.42±231.41 a 100.90±8.71 a
N75 7481.25±860.12 b 18.76±1.45 a 2594.47±251.06 b 140.55±8.55 b
N150 6815.10±352.25 ab 19.04±3.58 a 2360.97±460.97 b 142.00±9.05 b
N225 7014.95±300.14 ab 20.64±1.70 a 2277.21±312.13 ab 145.35±1.73 bc
N300 7099.55±756.17 ab 18.45±0.39 a 2298.74±200.92 ab 150.50±9.80 bc
N450 7131.00±773.23 ab 19.65±2.82 a 2218.02±282.58 ab 163.95±18.09 c
2018 N0 6431.75±264.32 a 27.49±1.09 a 2167.46±37.54 a 87.25±6.78 a
N75 7525.70±533.25 b 26.09±1.32 a 2818.92±312.25 b 132.50±9.62 b
N150 7550.20±628.92 b 25.19±0.60 a 2776.43±61.98 b 145.30±7.60 b
N225 7166.90±729.93 b 26.01±2.01 a 2682.47±71.18 b 140.10±13.08 b
N300 6803.75±840.38 ab 26.93±2.51 a 2598.97±396.42 b 135.60±16.37 b
N450 6829.75±442.84 ab 26.74±3.72 a 2641.43±263.05 b 140.40±10.78 b
2019 N0 7248.78±1112.36 a 20.90±1.04 b 1960.07±445.54 a 97.10±17.91 a
N75 7915.81±664.66 a 19.47±1.63 ab 2423.49±316.84 ab 129.32±17.69 ab
N150 7715.23±585.36 a 18.33±1.10 a 2545.77±126.49 b 148.10±13.08 b
N225 7466.09±750.31 a 18.20±0.44 a 2455.83±112.38 ab 142.19±19.16 b
N300 8358.97±872.92 a 19.57±0.72 ab 2593.18±350.69 b 159.20±29.95 b
N450 7485.30±746.40 a 19.83±1.40 ab 2336.11±224.37 ab 149.83±20.74 b

图1

不同施氮量下高梁淀粉含量和淀粉产量 不同字母表示同一年度不同处理间差异达0.05显著水平。处理同表3。"

表4

不同氮素用量下高粱5年累积氮肥利用特性"

处理
Treatment		 氮肥施入量
N fertilization
(kg hm-2)		 氮素积累
N accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥利用率
NFUE
(%)		 氮肥农学效率
NAE
(kg kg-1)		 氮素表观回收率
NARR
(%)
N0 0 587.45 a — — —
N75 375 823.72 b 63.01 d 14.19 d 219.66 e
N150 750 854.60 bc 35.62 c 6.63 c 113.95 d
N225 1125 840.24 bc 22.47 b 3.94 b 74.69 c
N300 1500 883.90 cd 19.76 ab 2.68 ab 58.92 b
N450 2250 912.18 d 14.43 a 1.57 a 40.54 a

图2

2018年和2019年高粱收获后0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮 处理同表3。"

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