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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1325-1340.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.24226

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

条带垄覆对西南黄壤坡耕地径流和高粱水分利用的影响

陈玉章1,2,*(), 吴松果3, 卢成霖1, 李瑞1,2, 龚利娟1,2, 文悦1, 宁佳欣1, 吴宇涵1   

  1. 1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院, 四川宜宾 644005
    2四川省酿酒专用粮工程技术研究中心, 四川宜宾 644005
    3广西大学农学院, 广西南宁 530004
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08 接受日期:2023-10-23 出版日期:2024-05-12 网络出版日期:2023-12-26
  • 通讯作者: 陈玉章, E-mail: jadayz@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    四川省酿酒专用粮工程技术研究中心开放基金项目(2021-05);宜宾五粮液股份有限公司产学研合作项目(CXY2021ZR010)

Effects of strip-mulching ridges on runoff and soil water use for sorghum in southwest yellow soil slope farmland

CHEN Yu-Zhang1,2,*(), WU Song-Guo3, LU Cheng-Lin1, LI Rui1,2, GONG Li-Juan1,2, WEN Yue1, NING Jia-Xin1, WU Yu-Han1   

  1. 1College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, Yibin 644005, Sichuan, China
    2Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin 644005, Sichuan, China
    3Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
  • Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2023-10-23 Published:2024-05-12 Published online:2023-12-26
  • Contact: E-mail: jadayz@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Open Found of Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains(2021-05);Production-Learning-Research Cooperation Project of Wuliangye Yibin Co. Ltd.(CXY2021ZR010)

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摘要：

针对西南区坡耕地季节性干旱突出、降水径流损失大、高粱低产低效益等问题。2020—2021年, 在黔西南山区以前茬种植春玉米的7°黄壤缓坡耕地为研究对象, 研究了横坡种植模式(作物行向与坡向垂直)下传统露地平作(CK)、条带垄覆地膜(RFM)和条带垄覆玉米整秆(RSM) 3种不同处理对径流、以及高粱耗水特性、水分利用效率、产量和纯收效益的影响。结果表明, 与CK相比, 在横坡垄作模式下, RFM和RSM处理高粱生育期内的降雨径流深度分别平均显著下降27.3%和42.1%, 纳水系数分别平均增加9.5和14.6个百分点。2个条带垄覆横坡种植较CK显著增加高粱生育期的耗水量, 其中拔节至抽穗阶段、灌浆至成熟阶段耗水量与产量分别呈显著(r = 0.51*)和极显著(r = 0.81**)正相关。与CK相比, RFM、RSM显著增加高粱成熟期生物量、穗粒数和千粒重, 籽粒产量分别平均显著增加8.5%和6.2%, 但水分利用效率分别平均显著下降12.6%和21.4%。主要原因是, 条带垄覆可显著增加高粱全生育期0~100 cm土壤贮水量, 提高拔节至抽穗、灌浆至成熟阶段的耗水量, 促进了高粱植株的生长发育和产量形成, 且高粱秸秆产量的增幅(21.4%)显著高于籽粒产量增幅(7.3%), 秸秆产量的大幅增加虽然降低了水分利用效率, 但秸秆产量的增加是籽粒增产的重要保障。RSM处理的纯收益和产投比分别平均较CK增加2962.9元 hm-2和2.3%, 而RFM处理由于增加了劳动强度、机械和地膜投入, 导致纯收益和产投比分别平均较CK下降1502.6元 hm-2和32.6%。因此, 条带垄覆玉米整秆横坡种植在显著提高降水有效性的同时, 可实现产量和纯收益双增的目的, 是西南黄壤旱坡耕地高粱增产增收的可行模式。

关键词: 条带垄覆, 径流, 水分利用, 高粱产量, 纯效益

Abstract:

Aiming at the problems such as prominent seasonal drought, large loss of precipitation and runoff, low yield-benefit of sorghum in southwest sloping farmland in China. During 2020-2021, the 7° yellow soil gentle slope cultivated land of previous spring corn was taken as the research object in the southwestern mountains area of Guizhou Province. The effects of three different treatments of traditional open field plain cropping (CK), alternating plastic film strip mulching only on ridge and furrow planting (RFM), and alternating whole maize straw strip mulching only on ridge and furrow planting (RSM) on runoff, water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency, yield and net economic benefits of sorghum were studied under the Transverse Slope Planting Model (TSPM: crop row direction is perpendicular to slope direction). Compared with CK, both RFM and RSM treatments under the TSPM significantly decreased rain-runoff depth during the whole growth period by 27.3% and 42.1% on average, and the water intake coefficient increased by 9.5 and 14.6 percentage points on average, respectively. The water consumption during the growth period of sorghum was significantly increased by the two strip-mulching only on ridges and cross planting in furrows, and the water consumption during the jointing stage to heading stage and the grain-filling stage to maturity stage were significantly (r = 0.51*) and extremely significantly (r = 0.81**) positively correlated with the grain yield, respectively. Compared with CK, RFM and RSM significantly increased biomass, kernels per spike and 1000-grain weight at maturity, and grain yield for sorghum was significantly increased by 8.5% and 6.2%, respectively, while water use efficiency was significantly decreased by 12.6% and 21.4%, respectively. Strip-mulching ridge treatments could increase the soil water storage of 0-100 cm soil profile during the whole sorghum growth stage, increase water consumption amount from jointing to heading and from grain-filling to maturity stage. Strip-mulching also improved the growth and development of sorghum plants and the formation of grain yield. Compared with CK, the increase of sorghum straw yield (21.4%) in maturity was significantly higher than that of grain yield (7.3%). Although the increase of straw yield reduced the water use efficiency, it was an important guarantee for grain yield increase. Compared with CK, the average net economic benefit and the output/input for RSM treatment increased by 2962.9 Yuan hm-2 and 2.3%, respectively, while the average net economic benefit and the output/input for RFM treatment decreased by 1502.6 Yuan hm-2 and 32.6%, respectively, due to the obvious increase of labor intensity, mechanical and plastic film input. Therefore, RSM treatment can significantly improve effectiveness of precipitation and achieve double increase yield and net economic benefit, which is a feasible model to increase the yield-income of sorghum in yellow soil slope farmland in southwest China.

Key words: strip-mulching ridge, runoff, water utilization, sorghum yield, net economic benefit

图1

高粱田间种植示意图 RFM: 条带垄覆地膜横坡种植; RSM: 条带垄覆玉米整秆横坡种植; CK: 横坡平作。"

图2

种植小区径流观测示意图"

图3

2020年和2021年试验区高粱大田生育期内降水月分布"

表1

高粱生育期内不同处理的降雨径流特征和集雨效果"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 径流量
Runoff amount
(mm)		 径流系数
Runoff coefficient
(%)		 降雨土壤蓄水量
Soil water storage of rainfall
(mm)		 纳水系数
Rainfall storage coefficient
(%)
2020 RFM 176.4±2.3 b 23.5±0.16 b 572.6±2.3 b 76.5±0.16 b
RSM 134.4±2.3 c 17.9±0.18 c 614.6±2.3 a 82.1±0.18 a
CK 252.7±1.4 a 33.7±0.19 a 496.3±1.4 c 67.3±0.19 c
2021 RFM 219.0±1.7 b 29.1±0.19 b 608.4±1.7 b 73.5±0.19 b
RSM 181.1±2.3 c 24.1±0.17 c 646.3±2.3 a 78.1±0.17 a
CK 291.9±1.5 a 38.8±0.19 a 535.5±1.5 c 64.7±0.19 c
2年平均
2-year average		 RFM 197.7±2.1 b 25.0±0.13 b 590.5±2.2 b 75.0±0.13 b
RSM 157.8±2.2 c 19.9±0.16 c 630.5±2.4 a 80.1±0.16 a
CK 272.3±2.1 a 34.5±0.13 a 515.9±1.9 c 65.5±0.14 c

图4

0~100 cm土壤贮水量随高粱生育时期的变化 TP: 移栽期; JT: 拔节期; HD: 抽穗期; GF: 灌浆期; MT: 成熟期。标明不同小写字母的柱值表示各处理的平均值(n = 3)在P < 0.05水平差异显著。处理同图1。"

图5

高粱不同生育时期各土层土壤质量含水量 TP: 移栽期; JT: 拔节期; HD: 抽穗期; GF: 灌浆期; MT: 成熟期; PWC: 永久凋萎系数。同一土层旁的*和**分别表示各处理的平均值(n = 3)分别在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。处理同图1。"

表2

高粱农田耗水量及水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 农田耗水量
Field evapotranspiration
(mm)		 降水量
Rainfall
(mm)		 土壤贮水消耗量
Soil water consumption
(mm)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2020 RFM 664.6±21.4 b 748.9 86.2±10.7 a 9.0±0.1 b
RSM 717.9±35.2 a 748.9 98.9±17.6 a 8.3±0.2 c
CK 529.8±15.7 c 748.9 26.9±7.8 b 10.5±0.2 a
2021 RFM 773.9±7.1 b 827.4 106.7±4.3 b 8.3±0.1 b
RSM 846.6±8.5 a 827.4 141.5±1.4 a 7.3±0.2 c
CK 629.6±6.3 c 827.4 45.3±1.7 c 9.3±0.2 a
2年平均
2-year average		 RFM 719.2±9.3 b 788.2 96.4±10.8 b 8.6±0.1 b
RSM 782.3±15.8 a 788.2 120.2±18.2 a 7.8±0.2 c
CK 579.7±5.4 c 788.2 36.1±7.1 c 9.9±0.2 a

表3

不同处理下0~100 cm各土层土壤贮水消耗量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 土层 Soil layer
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 60-80 cm 80-100 cm
2020 RFM 14.9±0.9 a 10.7±0.8 b 21.7±1.1 b 17.6±0.4 a 21.3±0.8 a
RSM 13.6±0.4 ab 32.1±0.7 a 27.9±1.0 a 16.9±5.5 a 8.1±1.0 b
CK 12.8±1.2 b 10.6±0.3 b 11.3±0.6 c 1.3±0.4 b -9.1±1.5 c
2021 RFM 19.1±0.9 b 29.6±1.0 a 26.9±1.5 b 14.8±0.5 b 16.3±0.3 b
RSM 24.8±1.0 a 18.9±0.4 b 29.6±0.7 a 37.2±0.5 a 31.0±1.0 a
CK 16.6±0.8 c 9.0±0.2 c 16.0±0.7 c 2.6±0.2 c 1.1±1.6 c
2年平均
2-year average		 RFM 17.0±0.8 b 20.2±0.7 b 24.3±0.6 b 16.2±0.4 b 18.8±0.3 a
RSM 19.2±0.5 a 25.5±0.2 a 28.7±0.6 a 27.1±3.0 a 19.5±0.1 a
CK 14.7±0.9 c 9.8±0.1 c 13.7±0.5 c 2.0±0.3 c -4.0±1.5 c

表4

高粱各生育阶段耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 移栽至拔节
Transplanting to jointing		 拔节至抽穗
Jointing to heading		 抽穗至灌浆
Heading to grain-filling		 灌浆至成熟
Grain-filling to maturity
数量
Amount
(mm)		 比例
Ratio
(%)		 数量
Amount
(mm)		 比例
Ratio
(%)		 数量
Amount
(mm)		 比例
Ratio
(%)		 数量
Amount
(mm)		 比例
Ratio
(%)
2020 RFM 187.2±6.3 a 28.2±0.6 a 266.7±3.5 b 40.1±1.2 b -16.8±1.6 b -2.5±0.6 b 227.5±8.9a 34.2±1.4 a
RSM 155.8±5.1 b 21.7±0.8 b 345.9±8.4 a 48.2±0.4 a -1.6±1.4 a -0.2±0.4 a 217.8±6.8a 30.3±0.7 b
CK 91.7±4.9 c 17.3±0.9 c 252.7±8.5 c 47.7±2.6 a 1.5±3.4 a 0.3±1.4 a 184.2±4.8 b 34.8±1.4 a
2021 RFM 128.0±6.5 c 16.5±0.4 c 314.3±10.6 a 40.6±0.4 a 9.8±1.5 b 1.3±0.2 b 321.8±10.8 b 41.6±0.8 b
RSM 172.4±7.8 a 20.4±0.7 b 286.2±19.1 b 33.8±0.8 c 43.6±2.9 a 5.2±0.3 a 344.3±10.2 a 40.7±0.6 b
CK 151.8±9.3 b 24.1±0.6 a 226.6±12.5 c 35.9±0.7 b -23.9±1.2 c -3.8±0.2 c 275.7±9.5 c 43.8±1.0 a
2年平均
2-year average		 RFM 157.6±1.4 b 21.9±0.2 a 290.5±4.8 b 40.4±0.3 b -3.5±0.3 b -0.05±0.1 b 274.6±8.5 a 38.2±0.8 a
RSM 164.1±2.5 a 21.0±0.5 b 316.0±9.6 a 40.4±0.4 b 21.0±1.2 a 2.7±0.2 a 281.1±9.7 a 35.9±0.3 b
CK 121.7±3.3 c 21.0±0.5 b 239.4±7.8 c 41.3±0.4 a -11.2±1.9 c -1.9±0.4 c 229.9±4.8 b 39.7±1.2 a

表5

高粱产量和主要农艺指标"

年份
Year		 处理
Treat-
ment		 籽粒产量
GY
(kg hm-2)		 生物量
Biomass
(×104 kg hm-2)		 千粒重
TKW
(g)		 穗粒数
KPS
(grain spike-1)		 收获指数
HI
(%)		 单穗粒重
SKW		 秸秆终产量
SYM
(kg hm-2)
2020 RFM 5970±292.4 a 2.24±0.29 a 18.7±0.5 ab 2649±179 a 26.6±0.4 b 49.2±2.1 a 16,447.0±313.1 a
RSM 5925±213.6 a 2.19±0.48 a 19.4±0.6 a 2594±200 b 27.0±0.6 b 50.9±2.8 b 16,007.0±469.2 a
CK 5553±306.6 b 1.87±0.06 b 18.4±0.5 b 2326±152 c 29.7±0.2 a 42.0±6.5 c 13,164.3±35.7 b
2021 RFM 6321±130.0 a 2.45±0.28 a 19.1±1.1 a 2776±151.1 a 26.1±0.3 b 53.1±1.5 a 18,113.4±284.7 a
RSM 6156±328.8 b 2.32±0.06 b 19.2±2.4 a 2787±276.2 a 26.5±0.2 b 53.4±2.7 a 17,060.3±84.0 b
CK 5830±245.7 b 2.05±0.34 b 18.3±2.1 b 2676±206.5 c 28.4±0.4 a 49.0±2.0 b 14,712.7±321.0 c
2年平均
2-year average		 RFM 6178±121.3 a 2.35±0.16 a 18.9±0.1 b 2712±91.3 a 26.4±0.2 b 51.2±0.2 b 17,280.2±147.6 a
RSM 6040±93.2 b 2.26±0.24 b 19.3±0.1 a 2690±47.4 b 26.8±0.3 b 52.2±0.1 a 16,533.6±251.4 b
CK 5691±275.1 c 1.96±0.20 c 18.3±0.2 c 2500±78.5 c 29.0±0.2 a 45.5±0.4 c 13,938.5±173.5 c

表6

高粱产量与土壤水分利用的相关关系"

指标
Index		 GY SYM SKW TKW KPS HI WUE SWS 耗水量Water consumption
TWC I II III
SYM 0.91**
SKW 0.90** 0.85**
TKW 0.63** 0.69** 0.69**
KPS 0.88** 0.95** 0.95** 0.44
HI -0.86** -0.89** -0.89** -0.66** -0.83**
WUE -0.80** -0.94** -0.94** -0.74** -0.85** 0.83**
SWS 0.62** 0.78** 0.78** 0.82** 0.57* -0.80** -0.79**
TWC 0.87** 0.94** 0.94** 0.74** 0.86** -0.85** -0.98** 0.73**
I 0.39 0.62** 0.62** 0.31 0.65** -0.64** -0.63** 0.60** 0.53*
II 0.51* 0.53* 0.53* 0.85** 0.25 -0.58* -0.57* 0.85** 0.56* 0.11
III 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.53* 0.32 -0.35 -0.62** 0.27 0.69** 0.01 0.37
IV 0.81** 0.81** 0.81** 0.35 0.88** -0.62** -0.77** 0.29 0.83** 0.33 0.11 0.58*

表7

不同处理的经济效益分析"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 投入Cost (Yuan hm-2) 总收入
OR
(Yuan hm-2)		 纯经济收益
NEB
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
O/I
人工
Labor		 地膜
Plastic		 机械
Mechanization		 总量
Total
2020 RFM 4500 1800 1500 13,166 45,368 32,202 3.45
RSM 2250 0 1050 8667 45,032 36,365 5.20
CK 1800 0 1050 8217 42,204 33,987 5.14
2021 RFM 4500 1800 1500 8667 48,308 39,641 5.57
RSM 2250 0 1050 8217 44,310 36,093 5.39
CK 1800 0 1050 9567 19,823 10,256 2.07
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