条带垄覆对西南黄壤坡耕地径流和高粱水分利用的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.24226

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1325-1340.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.24226

条带垄覆对西南黄壤坡耕地径流和高粱水分利用的影响

陈玉章¹^,²^,^*(), 吴松果³, 卢成霖¹, 李瑞¹^,², 龚利娟¹^,², 文悦¹, 宁佳欣¹, 吴宇涵¹

¹四川轻化工大学生物工程学院, 四川宜宾 644005
²四川省酿酒专用粮工程技术研究中心, 四川宜宾 644005
³广西大学农学院, 广西南宁 530004

收稿日期:2023-10-08 接受日期:2023-10-23 出版日期:2024-05-12 网络出版日期:2023-12-26
通讯作者: *陈玉章, E-mail: jadayz@163.com
基金资助:
四川省酿酒专用粮工程技术研究中心开放基金项目(2021-05);宜宾五粮液股份有限公司产学研合作项目(CXY2021ZR010)

Effects of strip-mulching ridges on runoff and soil water use for sorghum in southwest yellow soil slope farmland

CHEN Yu-Zhang¹^,²^,^*(), WU Song-Guo³, LU Cheng-Lin¹, LI Rui¹^,², GONG Li-Juan¹^,², WEN Yue¹, NING Jia-Xin¹, WU Yu-Han¹

¹College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, Yibin 644005, Sichuan, China
²Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin 644005, Sichuan, China
³Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China

Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2023-10-23 Published:2024-05-12 Published online:2023-12-26
Contact: *E-mail: jadayz@163.com
Supported by:
Open Found of Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains(2021-05);Production-Learning-Research Cooperation Project of Wuliangye Yibin Co. Ltd.(CXY2021ZR010)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对西南区坡耕地季节性干旱突出、降水径流损失大、高粱低产低效益等问题。2020—2021年, 在黔西南山区以前茬种植春玉米的7°黄壤缓坡耕地为研究对象, 研究了横坡种植模式(作物行向与坡向垂直)下传统露地平作(CK)、条带垄覆地膜(RFM)和条带垄覆玉米整秆(RSM) 3种不同处理对径流、以及高粱耗水特性、水分利用效率、产量和纯收效益的影响。结果表明, 与CK相比, 在横坡垄作模式下, RFM和RSM处理高粱生育期内的降雨径流深度分别平均显著下降27.3%和42.1%, 纳水系数分别平均增加9.5和14.6个百分点。2个条带垄覆横坡种植较CK显著增加高粱生育期的耗水量, 其中拔节至抽穗阶段、灌浆至成熟阶段耗水量与产量分别呈显著(r = 0.51^*)和极显著(r = 0.81^**)正相关。与CK相比, RFM、RSM显著增加高粱成熟期生物量、穗粒数和千粒重, 籽粒产量分别平均显著增加8.5%和6.2%, 但水分利用效率分别平均显著下降12.6%和21.4%。主要原因是, 条带垄覆可显著增加高粱全生育期0~100 cm土壤贮水量, 提高拔节至抽穗、灌浆至成熟阶段的耗水量, 促进了高粱植株的生长发育和产量形成, 且高粱秸秆产量的增幅(21.4%)显著高于籽粒产量增幅(7.3%), 秸秆产量的大幅增加虽然降低了水分利用效率, 但秸秆产量的增加是籽粒增产的重要保障。RSM处理的纯收益和产投比分别平均较CK增加2962.9元 hm^-2和2.3%, 而RFM处理由于增加了劳动强度、机械和地膜投入, 导致纯收益和产投比分别平均较CK下降1502.6元 hm^-2和32.6%。因此, 条带垄覆玉米整秆横坡种植在显著提高降水有效性的同时, 可实现产量和纯收益双增的目的, 是西南黄壤旱坡耕地高粱增产增收的可行模式。

关键词: 条带垄覆, 径流, 水分利用, 高粱产量, 纯效益

Abstract:

Aiming at the problems such as prominent seasonal drought, large loss of precipitation and runoff, low yield-benefit of sorghum in southwest sloping farmland in China. During 2020-2021, the 7° yellow soil gentle slope cultivated land of previous spring corn was taken as the research object in the southwestern mountains area of Guizhou Province. The effects of three different treatments of traditional open field plain cropping (CK), alternating plastic film strip mulching only on ridge and furrow planting (RFM), and alternating whole maize straw strip mulching only on ridge and furrow planting (RSM) on runoff, water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency, yield and net economic benefits of sorghum were studied under the Transverse Slope Planting Model (TSPM: crop row direction is perpendicular to slope direction). Compared with CK, both RFM and RSM treatments under the TSPM significantly decreased rain-runoff depth during the whole growth period by 27.3% and 42.1% on average, and the water intake coefficient increased by 9.5 and 14.6 percentage points on average, respectively. The water consumption during the growth period of sorghum was significantly increased by the two strip-mulching only on ridges and cross planting in furrows, and the water consumption during the jointing stage to heading stage and the grain-filling stage to maturity stage were significantly (r = 0.51^*) and extremely significantly (r = 0.81^**) positively correlated with the grain yield, respectively. Compared with CK, RFM and RSM significantly increased biomass, kernels per spike and 1000-grain weight at maturity, and grain yield for sorghum was significantly increased by 8.5% and 6.2%, respectively, while water use efficiency was significantly decreased by 12.6% and 21.4%, respectively. Strip-mulching ridge treatments could increase the soil water storage of 0-100 cm soil profile during the whole sorghum growth stage, increase water consumption amount from jointing to heading and from grain-filling to maturity stage. Strip-mulching also improved the growth and development of sorghum plants and the formation of grain yield. Compared with CK, the increase of sorghum straw yield (21.4%) in maturity was significantly higher than that of grain yield (7.3%). Although the increase of straw yield reduced the water use efficiency, it was an important guarantee for grain yield increase. Compared with CK, the average net economic benefit and the output/input for RSM treatment increased by 2962.9 Yuan hm^-2 and 2.3%, respectively, while the average net economic benefit and the output/input for RFM treatment decreased by 1502.6 Yuan hm^-2 and 32.6%, respectively, due to the obvious increase of labor intensity, mechanical and plastic film input. Therefore, RSM treatment can significantly improve effectiveness of precipitation and achieve double increase yield and net economic benefit, which is a feasible model to increase the yield-income of sorghum in yellow soil slope farmland in southwest China.

Key words: strip-mulching ridge, runoff, water utilization, sorghum yield, net economic benefit

陈玉章, 吴松果, 卢成霖, 李瑞, 龚利娟, 文悦, 宁佳欣, 吴宇涵. 条带垄覆对西南黄壤坡耕地径流和高粱水分利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(5): 1325-1340.

CHEN Yu-Zhang, WU Song-Guo, LU Cheng-Lin, LI Rui, GONG Li-Juan, WEN Yue, NING Jia-Xin, WU Yu-Han. Effects of strip-mulching ridges on runoff and soil water use for sorghum in southwest yellow soil slope farmland[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(5): 1325-1340.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	径流量 Runoff amount (mm)	径流系数 Runoff coefficient (%)	降雨土壤蓄水量 Soil water storage of rainfall (mm)	纳水系数 Rainfall storage coefficient (%)
2020	RFM	176.4±2.3 b	23.5±0.16 b	572.6±2.3 b	76.5±0.16 b
	RSM	134.4±2.3 c	17.9±0.18 c	614.6±2.3 a	82.1±0.18 a
	CK	252.7±1.4 a	33.7±0.19 a	496.3±1.4 c	67.3±0.19 c
2021	RFM	219.0±1.7 b	29.1±0.19 b	608.4±1.7 b	73.5±0.19 b
	RSM	181.1±2.3 c	24.1±0.17 c	646.3±2.3 a	78.1±0.17 a
	CK	291.9±1.5 a	38.8±0.19 a	535.5±1.5 c	64.7±0.19 c
2年平均 2-year average	RFM	197.7±2.1 b	25.0±0.13 b	590.5±2.2 b	75.0±0.13 b
	RSM	157.8±2.2 c	19.9±0.16 c	630.5±2.4 a	80.1±0.16 a
	CK	272.3±2.1 a	34.5±0.13 a	515.9±1.9 c	65.5±0.14 c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	农田耗水量 Field evapotranspiration (mm)	降水量 Rainfall (mm)	土壤贮水消耗量 Soil water consumption (mm)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
2020	RFM	664.6±21.4 b	748.9	86.2±10.7 a	9.0±0.1 b
	RSM	717.9±35.2 a	748.9	98.9±17.6 a	8.3±0.2 c
	CK	529.8±15.7 c	748.9	26.9±7.8 b	10.5±0.2 a
2021	RFM	773.9±7.1 b	827.4	106.7±4.3 b	8.3±0.1 b
	RSM	846.6±8.5 a	827.4	141.5±1.4 a	7.3±0.2 c
	CK	629.6±6.3 c	827.4	45.3±1.7 c	9.3±0.2 a
2年平均 2-year average	RFM	719.2±9.3 b	788.2	96.4±10.8 b	8.6±0.1 b
	RSM	782.3±15.8 a	788.2	120.2±18.2 a	7.8±0.2 c
	CK	579.7±5.4 c	788.2	36.1±7.1 c	9.9±0.2 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	40-60 cm	60-80 cm	80-100 cm
2020	RFM	14.9±0.9 a	10.7±0.8 b	21.7±1.1 b	17.6±0.4 a	21.3±0.8 a
	RSM	13.6±0.4 ab	32.1±0.7 a	27.9±1.0 a	16.9±5.5 a	8.1±1.0 b
	CK	12.8±1.2 b	10.6±0.3 b	11.3±0.6 c	1.3±0.4 b	-9.1±1.5 c
2021	RFM	19.1±0.9 b	29.6±1.0 a	26.9±1.5 b	14.8±0.5 b	16.3±0.3 b
	RSM	24.8±1.0 a	18.9±0.4 b	29.6±0.7 a	37.2±0.5 a	31.0±1.0 a
	CK	16.6±0.8 c	9.0±0.2 c	16.0±0.7 c	2.6±0.2 c	1.1±1.6 c
2年平均 2-year average	RFM	17.0±0.8 b	20.2±0.7 b	24.3±0.6 b	16.2±0.4 b	18.8±0.3 a
	RSM	19.2±0.5 a	25.5±0.2 a	28.7±0.6 a	27.1±3.0 a	19.5±0.1 a
	CK	14.7±0.9 c	9.8±0.1 c	13.7±0.5 c	2.0±0.3 c	-4.0±1.5 c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	移栽至拔节 Transplanting to jointing		拔节至抽穗 Jointing to heading		抽穗至灌浆 Heading to grain-filling		灌浆至成熟 Grain-filling to maturity
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)
2020	RFM	187.2±6.3 a	28.2±0.6 a	266.7±3.5 b	40.1±1.2 b	-16.8±1.6 b	-2.5±0.6 b	227.5±8.9a	34.2±1.4 a
	RSM	155.8±5.1 b	21.7±0.8 b	345.9±8.4 a	48.2±0.4 a	-1.6±1.4 a	-0.2±0.4 a	217.8±6.8a	30.3±0.7 b
	CK	91.7±4.9 c	17.3±0.9 c	252.7±8.5 c	47.7±2.6 a	1.5±3.4 a	0.3±1.4 a	184.2±4.8 b	34.8±1.4 a
2021	RFM	128.0±6.5 c	16.5±0.4 c	314.3±10.6 a	40.6±0.4 a	9.8±1.5 b	1.3±0.2 b	321.8±10.8 b	41.6±0.8 b
	RSM	172.4±7.8 a	20.4±0.7 b	286.2±19.1 b	33.8±0.8 c	43.6±2.9 a	5.2±0.3 a	344.3±10.2 a	40.7±0.6 b
	CK	151.8±9.3 b	24.1±0.6 a	226.6±12.5 c	35.9±0.7 b	-23.9±1.2 c	-3.8±0.2 c	275.7±9.5 c	43.8±1.0 a
2年平均 2-year average	RFM	157.6±1.4 b	21.9±0.2 a	290.5±4.8 b	40.4±0.3 b	-3.5±0.3 b	-0.05±0.1 b	274.6±8.5 a	38.2±0.8 a
	RSM	164.1±2.5 a	21.0±0.5 b	316.0±9.6 a	40.4±0.4 b	21.0±1.2 a	2.7±0.2 a	281.1±9.7 a	35.9±0.3 b
	CK	121.7±3.3 c	21.0±0.5 b	239.4±7.8 c	41.3±0.4 a	-11.2±1.9 c	-1.9±0.4 c	229.9±4.8 b	39.7±1.2 a

年份 Year	处理 Treat- ment	籽粒产量 GY (kg hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (×10⁴ kg hm^-2)	千粒重 TKW (g)	穗粒数 KPS (grain spike^-1)	收获指数 HI (%)	单穗粒重 SKW	秸秆终产量 SYM (kg hm^-2)
2020	RFM	5970±292.4 a	2.24±0.29 a	18.7±0.5 ab	2649±179 a	26.6±0.4 b	49.2±2.1 a	16,447.0±313.1 a
	RSM	5925±213.6 a	2.19±0.48 a	19.4±0.6 a	2594±200 b	27.0±0.6 b	50.9±2.8 b	16,007.0±469.2 a
	CK	5553±306.6 b	1.87±0.06 b	18.4±0.5 b	2326±152 c	29.7±0.2 a	42.0±6.5 c	13,164.3±35.7 b
2021	RFM	6321±130.0 a	2.45±0.28 a	19.1±1.1 a	2776±151.1 a	26.1±0.3 b	53.1±1.5 a	18,113.4±284.7 a
	RSM	6156±328.8 b	2.32±0.06 b	19.2±2.4 a	2787±276.2 a	26.5±0.2 b	53.4±2.7 a	17,060.3±84.0 b
	CK	5830±245.7 b	2.05±0.34 b	18.3±2.1 b	2676±206.5 c	28.4±0.4 a	49.0±2.0 b	14,712.7±321.0 c
2年平均 2-year average	RFM	6178±121.3 a	2.35±0.16 a	18.9±0.1 b	2712±91.3 a	26.4±0.2 b	51.2±0.2 b	17,280.2±147.6 a
	RSM	6040±93.2 b	2.26±0.24 b	19.3±0.1 a	2690±47.4 b	26.8±0.3 b	52.2±0.1 a	16,533.6±251.4 b
	CK	5691±275.1 c	1.96±0.20 c	18.3±0.2 c	2500±78.5 c	29.0±0.2 a	45.5±0.4 c	13,938.5±173.5 c

条带垄覆对西南黄壤坡耕地径流和高粱水分利用的影响

Effects of strip-mulching ridges on runoff and soil water use for sorghum in southwest yellow soil slope farmland

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指标 Index	GY	SYM	SKW	TKW	KPS	HI	WUE	SWS	耗水量Water consumption
指标 Index	GY	SYM	SKW	TKW	KPS	HI	WUE	SWS	TWC	I	II	III
SYM	0.91^**
SKW	0.90^**	0.85^**
TKW	0.63^**	0.69^**	0.69^**
KPS	0.88^**	0.95^**	0.95^**	0.44
HI	-0.86^**	-0.89^**	-0.89^**	-0.66^**	-0.83^**
WUE	-0.80^**	-0.94^**	-0.94^**	-0.74^**	-0.85^**	0.83^**
SWS	0.62^**	0.78^**	0.78^**	0.82^**	0.57^*	-0.80^**	-0.79^**
TWC	0.87^**	0.94^**	0.94^**	0.74^**	0.86^**	-0.85^**	-0.98^**	0.73^**
I	0.39	0.62^**	0.62^**	0.31	0.65^**	-0.64^**	-0.63^**	0.60^**	0.53^*
II	0.51^*	0.53^*	0.53^*	0.85^**	0.25	-0.58^*	-0.57^*	0.85^**	0.56^*	0.11
III	0.44	0.42	0.42	0.53^*	0.32	-0.35	-0.62^**	0.27	0.69^**	0.01	0.37
IV	0.81^**	0.81^**	0.81^**	0.35	0.88^**	-0.62^**	-0.77^**	0.29	0.83^**	0.33	0.11	0.58^*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	投入Cost (Yuan hm^-2)				总收入 OR (Yuan hm^-2)	纯经济收益 NEB (Yuan hm^-2)	产投比 O/I
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	人工 Labor	地膜 Plastic	机械 Mechanization	总量 Total	总收入 OR (Yuan hm^-2)	纯经济收益 NEB (Yuan hm^-2)	产投比 O/I
2020	RFM	4500	1800	1500	13,166	45,368	32,202	3.45
	RSM	2250	0	1050	8667	45,032	36,365	5.20
	CK	1800	0	1050	8217	42,204	33,987	5.14
2021	RFM	4500	1800	1500	8667	48,308	39,641	5.57
	RSM	2250	0	1050	8217	44,310	36,093	5.39
	CK	1800	0	1050	9567	19,823	10,256	2.07

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