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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1350-1362.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23036

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿洲灌区麦后复种绿肥并还田对翌年玉米根系性状及水分利用效率的影响

王玉珑(), 于爱忠(), 吕汉强, 吕奕彤, 苏向向, 王鹏飞, 柴健   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院/省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-21 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-05-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-20
  • 通讯作者: *于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wyl1489270573@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省教育厅产业支撑项目(2021CYZC-54);甘肃省基础研究创新群体项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(Gaufx-04J01)

Effects of green manure replanting and returning after wheat on following year’s maize root traits and water use efficiency in oasis irrigation area

WANG Yu-Long(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LYU Han-Qiang, LYU Yi-Tong, SU Xiang-Xiang, WANG Peng-Fei, CHAI Jian   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-04-21 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-05-12 Published online:2022-09-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Industrial Support Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Education(2021CYZC-54);Innovation Group of Basic Research in Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-04J01)

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摘要：

针对西北干旱绿洲灌区麦后休闲期长, 水分蒸发量大、水资源利用率不高等问题, 研究了绿肥不同还田方式对玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响及其相互关系, 以期为构建区域水资源高效利用种植模式提供理论依据和技术支撑。2020至2021年基于田间定位试验, 研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil, TG), 绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface, NTG), 绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed, T), 绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed, NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure, CT) 5个处理对轮作玉米土壤贮水量、玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量; 与CT相比, NTG和TG的全生育期平均土壤贮水量分别提高14.0%~15.0%和8.8%~12.0%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重; 与CT相比, NTG和TG的根长分别提高20.7%~26.0%和19.9%~28.5%; 根表面积分别提高43.0%~52.9%和41.3%~58.7%; 根体积分别提高45.7%~46.7%和40.6%~46.7%; 根干重分别提高48.0%~51.5%和41.9%~50.2%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率; 与CT相比, NTG和TG的籽粒产量分别提高15.4%~34.3%和19.1%~32.0%, NTG和TG的水分利用效率分别提高19.5%~39.2%和20.5%~34.8%。玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期和吐丝期的根长、根表面积与土壤贮水量均呈显著正相关, 根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重与水分利用效率均呈显著正相关。因此, 在干旱绿洲灌区绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于改善土壤水分条件, 优化玉米根系生长, 从而提高产量和水分利用效率; 其中, 绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出, 可作为该区适宜的绿肥还田方式。

关键词: 轮作, 绿肥, 玉米, 根系, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Long leisure time, high evaporation, and low water use efficiency in fallow period are the most prominent constraints for crop production in the northwest arid oasis irrigated agricultural region. In this study, the relationship between maize root traits and its water utilization under different green manure returning methods were investigated in this area. To determine the effects of different returning methods of green manure on soil water storage, root traits and water use efficiency of maize, a field experiment was carried out in a typical oasis irrigation region from 2020 to 2021. The treatments included tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface (NTG), harvesting and removing above ground green manure and tillage with root incorporated in the soil (T), no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested and removed (NT), and conventional tillage and fallow without green manure after spring wheat harvest (CT). The results indicated NTG and TG significantly increased soil water storage in 0-110 cm soil layer. Compared with CT, the average water storage of NTG and TG during the whole growth period increased by 14.0%-15.0% and 8.8%-12.0%, respectively. Compared with CT, the NTG and TG treatments increased root length (20.7%-26.0% and 19.9%-28.5%), root surface area (43.0%-52.9% and 41.3%-58.7%), root volume (45.7%-46.7% and 40.6%-46.7%), and root dry weight (48.0%-51.5% and 41.9%-50.2%), respectively. The NTG and TG significantly increased maize grain yield and its water use efficiency. Compared with CT, maize grain yield of NTG and TG increased 15.4%-34.3% and 19.1%-32.0%, the WUE of NTG and TG increased 19.5%-39.2% and 20.5%-34.8%, respectively. The root length and root surface area were positively related to soil water storage at maize jointing, tasseling, and silking stages. The root length, root surface area, root volume, and root dry weight were positively related with WUE at jointing, big trumpet, and silking stages. In conclusion, this study suggested the full quantity of green manure returned in the field was beneficial to increase soil water storage, optimize root traits, and thus improving the yield and water use efficiency in maize. Among them, no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface was recommend as a feasible green manure returning method in the oasis irrigation area.

Key words: rotation, green manure, maize, root, water use efficiency

图1

2020-2021年试验区日降雨量和日均温变化"

表1

试验处理及代码"

处理代码
Treatment code		 处理
Treatment
TG 绿肥全量翻压 Tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil
NTG 绿肥地表覆盖免耕 No-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface
T 绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压 Tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed
NT 绿肥地上部移除免耕 No-tillage with above ground manure removed
CT 传统翻耕、休闲 Conventional tillage and leisure

图2

不同处理0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量变化 TG: 绿肥全量翻压; T: 绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压; NTG: 绿肥地表覆盖免耕; NT: 绿肥地上部移除免耕; CT: 传统翻耕、休闲。图中不同小写字母表示同一生育时期各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。误差线表示标准差(n = 3)。"

表2

不同处理下的玉米根长"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 1266 b 5251 c 6302 d
NT 1305 b 5293 b 6868 cd
NTG 2436 a 6618 a 11,014 a
T 1406 b 5302 b 7163 c
TG 2544 a 6552 a 9892 b
2021 CT 1056 c 4002 c 5705 d
NT 1045 c 4411 b 6951 c
NTG 2176 a 5410 a 10,557 a
T 1042 c 4503 b 6544 cd
TG 1816 b 5601 a 9893 b

表3

不同处理下的玉米根表面积"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 572 e 1347 b 2101 b
NT 646 d 1393 b 2294 b
NTG 1003 a 2002 a 3584 a
T 675 c 1387 b 2020 b
TG 974 b 1919 a 3301 a
2021 CT 383 b 1056 d 1621 d
NT 481 b 1323 c 2026 c
NTG 814 a 1758 a 3413 a
T 451 b 1405 c 2056 c
TG 927 a 1658 b 2812 b

表4

不同处理下的玉米根体积"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 19 c 42 c 51 bc
NT 22 b 44 c 52 b
NTG 35 a 63 a 106 a
T 22 b 43 c 46 c
TG 32 a 54 b 101 a
2021 CT 16 b 38 b 39 c
NT 19 b 41 b 46 c
NTG 30 a 49 a 94 a
T 16 b 42 b 48 c
TG 30 a 54 a 68 b

表5

不同处理下的玉米根干重"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 3 c 14 c 14 c
NT 3 bc 14 c 15 c
NTG 7 a 19 a 28 a
T 4 b 15 b 19 b
TG 7 a 18 a 29 a
2021 CT 2 c 9 c 12 c
NT 4 bc 9 c 17 b
NTG 6 a 14 a 26 a
T 3 bc 10 c 17 b
TG 5 ab 12 b 23 a

图3

土壤贮水量与玉米根系性状的关系 **表示在0.01概率水平相关显著。"

图4

不同处理下玉米产量和水分利用效率 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示同一年份各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表6

玉米根系性状与水分利用效率的相关性"

根系性状
Root trait		 相关系数Correlation coefficient
拔节期Jointing stage 大喇叭口期Tasseling stage 吐丝期Silking stage
根长Root length 0.937** 0.928** 0.941**
根表面积Root surface area 0.934** 0.884** 0.959**
根体积Root volume 0.913** 0.909** 0.900**
根干重Dry weight of root 0.936** 0.918** 0.958**
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