作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1363-1371.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23050
刘昕萌1(), 程乙1, 刘玉文2, 庞尚水3, 叶秀芹3, 卜艳霞3, 张吉旺1, 赵斌1, 任佰朝1, 任昊1,*(), 刘鹏1,*()
LIU Xin-Meng1(), CHENG Yi1, LIU Yu-Wen2, PANG Shang-Shui3, YE Xiu-Qin3, BU Yan-Xia3, ZHANG Ji-Wang1, ZHAO Bin1, REN Bai-Zhao1, REN Hao1,*(), LIU Peng1,*()
摘要:
品种改良对夏玉米单产的提升有重要贡献, 但目前对现代夏玉米品种间产量形成差异的原因尚不明确。本研究在商河国家农作物品种展示示范中心设置大田试验, 选用我国黄淮海区域近年来审定或将要审定的390个玉米品种, 于玉米完熟期进行植株取样, 测定不同品种产量及其构成因素、完熟期干物质积累与分配、氮素的积累、分配与利用以及光温利用效率, 探究不同夏玉米品种的产量及资源利用效率的差异及其形成原因。不同品种的夏玉米产量存在显著差异, 收获穗数、穗粒数和千粒重对产量的直接通径系数分别为0.57、1.00和0.88, 表明品种间产量差异主要由穗粒数的变化影响。植株的干物质和氮素的积累与分配均对夏玉米产量有极显著影响, 与籽粒产量<7 t hm-2的品种相比, 7.0~8.0、8.0~9.0、9.0~10.0、10.0~11.0和>11.0 t hm-2产量范围内的品种植株群体总干物质积累量分别提高了12.25%、20.52%、29.61%、40.11%和54.04%; 籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了16.62%、24.85%、38.45%、48.42%和68.41%; 籽粒干物质分配比例分别增加了5.11%、9.93%、13.32%、15.51%和17.94%, 籽粒氮素分配比例分别增加了4.09%、7.24%、7.37%、7.31%和10.91%; 籽粒光能利用效率分别提高了12.50%、21.25%、30.00%、41.25%和55.00%; 籽粒温度利用效率分别提高了11.36%、20.45%、29.55%、39.77%和53.41%。高产玉米品种通过提高玉米群体干物质和氮素积累量, 增加籽粒干物质及氮素分配比例, 提高植株氮素和光温利用效率, 促进产量构成三因素的协同提升, 特别是穗粒数的提升, 从而实现夏玉米高产高效生产。
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