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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1140-1150.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23013

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    

基于高产与高效条件下鲜食玉米鲜食大豆带状间作田间配置技术优化

舒泽兵(), 罗万宇, 蒲甜, 陈国鹏, 梁冰, 杨文钰, 王小春*()   

  1. 四川农业大学农学院/农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-30 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-04-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-15
  • 通讯作者: *王小春, E-mail: xchwang@sicau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1776909016@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    四川省育种攻关项目(2021YFYZ0005);玉-豆-畜关键技术研究与集成示范项目(2021YFQ0015)

Optimization of field configuration technology of strip intercropping of fresh corn and fresh soybean based on high yield and high efficiency

SHU Ze-Bing(), LUO Wan-Yu, PU Tian, CHEN Guo-Peng, LIANG Bing, YANG Wen-Yu, WANG Xiao-Chun*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2022-01-30 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-04-12 Published online:2022-09-15
  • Contact: *E-mail: xchwang@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Breeding Research Project of Sichuan(2021YFYZ0005);Key Technology Research and Integration Demonstration Project of Jade Bean Livestock(2021YFQ0015)

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摘要：

为了明确西南地区鲜食玉米鲜食大豆带状间作的高产与利于机械化实现高效的田间配置技术, 以2个株高差异较大的鲜食玉米品种为材料, 采用两因素裂区设计, 综合分析2种带宽(高产带宽2 m和宜机械化高效带宽2.4 m)与玉米种植密度(37,500、45,000、52,500和60,000株 hm-2)对鲜食玉米-大豆带状间作系统中群体产量、商品品质及种植效益的影响, 明确了高产高效最优田间配置。结果表明, 鲜食玉米产量受玉米密度的影响更显著, 而鲜食大豆产量主要受带宽的影响。带宽和玉米密度显著影响鲜食玉米商品品质, 随着带宽增加, 矮秆玉米品种一级果穗率2年平均降低25.78%, 秃尖长2年平均增加9.55%, 高秆玉米品种则一级果穗率降低11.76%, 秃尖长增加17.54%; 随着玉米密度增加, 2种带宽下矮秆和高秆玉米品种一级果穗率均显著降低, 秃尖长均显著增加, 2019年2 m带宽下矮秆和高秆玉米种植密度从52,500株 hm-2增至60,000株 hm-2, 一级果穗率分别降低46.16%、27.78%, 秃尖长分别增加19.44%、14.17%, 2.4 m带宽下则一级果穗率分别降低25.01%、23.60%, 秃尖长分别增加16.46%、11.53%。带宽、密度对鲜食大豆2粒荚率和3粒荚率的影响达显著水平, 随着带宽增加, 带状间作大豆2粒和3粒荚率均显著增加, 与矮秆和高秆玉米品种间作的大豆2粒荚率和3粒荚率2年平均分别增加7.94%和18.88%、8.10%和16.71%; 随玉米密度增加, 大豆2粒和3粒荚率均显著降低, 2019年玉米密度从52,500株 hm-2增至60,000株 hm-2, 高秆玉米间作大豆2粒荚率降幅为6.19%~9.09%, 3粒荚率降幅为11.94%~14.39%。通过主成分综合评价得分和DTOPSIS法综合评价结果表明, 高产和高效带宽下, 矮秆和高秆玉米品种带状间作鲜食大豆均以52,500株 hm-2和45,000株 hm-2玉米密度各性状接近理想值, 综合性状表现好, 种植效益分别可实现8.44万元 hm-2和10.09万元 hm-2。

关键词: 鲜食玉米, 鲜食大豆, 带状间作, 带宽, 密度, 群体产量, 商品品质

Abstract:

To clarify the high yield of strip intercropping of fresh corn and fresh soybean in Southwest China and to realize efficient field configuration technology for mechanization, two fresh corn varieties with large plant height differences were used as the materials, and two factor split zone design was adopted. The effects of two kinds of bandwidth (high-yield bandwidth 2 m and high-efficiency bandwidth suitable for mechanization 2.4 m) and maize planting density (37,500, 45,000, 52,500, and 60,000 plants hm-2) on population yield, commodity quality, and planting benefit in the strip intercropping system of fresh corn and soybean were comprehensively analyzed, and the optimal field configuration of high-yield and high-efficiency was determined. The results showed that the yield of fresh corn and fresh soybean were more affected by corn planting density and bandwidth, respectively. With the increase of bandwidth, the first-class ear rate of dwarf maize varieties decreased by 25.78%, the bald tip length increased by 9.55%, and the first-class ear rate of tall maize varieties decreased by 11.76% and the bald tip length increased by 17.54%. With the increase of maize density, the first-class ear rate, bald tip length of dwarf, and tall maize varieties decreased significantly under the two bandwidth, and the planting density of dwarf and tall maize increased from 52,500 plants hm-2 to 60,000 plants hm-2 in 2019. The first-class ear rate decreased by 46.16% and 27.78%, the bald tip length increased by 19.44% and 14.17%, and the first-class ear rate decreased by 25.01% and 23.60% under the 2.4 m bandwidth, and the bald tip length increased by 16.46% and 11.53%, respectively. The effects of bandwidth and density on the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of fresh soybean reached a significant level. With the increase of bandwidth, the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of strip intercropping soybean increased significantly. The 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of soybean intercropped with dwarf and high stalk maize varieties increased by 7.94% and 18.88%, 8.10% and 16.71%, respectively. With the increase of corn density, the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of soybean decreased significantly. In 2019, the corn density increased from 52,500 plants hm-2 to 60,000 plants hm-2. The 2-pod rate of soybean intercropped with high stalk corn decreased by 6.19%-9.09%, and the 3-pod rate decreased by 11.94%-14.39%. The comprehensive evaluation score of principal component and DTOPSIS method showed that under the high-yield and high-efficiency bandwidth, the corn density of 52,500 plants hm-2 and 45,000 plants hm-2 of strip intercropping fresh soybean of dwarf and tall maize varieties were close to the ideal value of maize density, the comprehensive characters performance was good. The planting benefits could reach 84,400 Yuan hm-2 and 100,900 Yuan hm-2, respectively.

Key words: fresh corn, fresh soybeans, banded intercropping, bandwidth, density, population yield, commodity quality

图1

玉米大豆带状间作田间布局图"

图2

产量与带宽、密度的关系"

表1

带宽、密度对鲜食玉米商品品质的影响(2018年)"

品种
Variety		 带宽
Bandwidth (cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 单穗重
Single spike weight (g)		 果穗整齐度
Maize ear uniformity		 穗粗
Ear diameter (mm)		 秃尖长
Barren tip length (cm)		 出苞率
Bract rate (%)		 一级果穗率
One-level ear rate (%)
矮秆型 200 3.75 306.67 a 53.12 51.10 a 1.03 c 87.43 a 70.00 a
Dwarf type 4.50 294.33 ab 48.83 51.00 a 1.12 b 83.45 b 53.33 b
5.25 283.33 b 37.10 50.55 a 1.24 a 81.09 b 46.67 c
240 3.75 291.33 a 45.87 50.57 a 1.06 c 84.45 a 63.33 a
4.50 281.67 a 36.88 50.48 a 1.20 b 79.62 b 36.67 b
5.25 278.33 a 18.22 50.55 a 1.36 a 78.16 b 33.33 b
F值 A 7.93 — 10.15 3.39* 15.05 97.58*
F-value B 5.83* — 0.73 20.56** 16.10** 66.16**
A×B 0.50 — 0.77 1.19 0.10 2.13
高秆型 200 3.75 494.00 a 25.58 55.32 a 1.91 b 76.49 a 92.22 a
Tall type 4.50 475.00 ab 21.79 54.56 ab 2.60 a 73.03 b 88.89 b
5.25 451.33 b 19.00 53.88 b 2.75 a 72.25 b 76.07 c
240 3.75 488.33 a 24.97 54.91 a 2.39 b 74.12 a 85.56 a
4.50 475.33 ab 21.12 53.70 a 2.86 a 71.17 b 82.22 a
5.25 442.33 b 17.43 52.29 b 2.96 a 69.34 c 63.33 b
F值 A 0.46 — 30.89* 23.27* 29.53* 19.47*
F-value B 4.55* — 10.87** 74.83** 56.04** 173.60**
A×B 0.05 — 0.93 2.65 0.72 5.08

表2

带宽、密度对鲜食玉米商品品质的影响(2019年)"

品种
Variety		 带宽
Bandwidth (cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 单穗重
Single spike weight (g)		 果穗整齐度
Maize ear uniformity		 穗粗
Ear diameter (mm)		 秃尖长
Barren tip length (cm)		 出苞率
Bract rate (%)		 一级果穗率
One-level ear rate (%)
矮秆型 200 4.5 294.00 a 42.44 52.27 a 1.03 c 88.19 a 50.00 a
Dwarf type 5.25 278.67 b 34.48 51.71 a 1.16 b 85.69 b 43.33 b
6 257.67 c 31.64 50.59 b 1.44 a 83.17 c 23.33 c
240 4.5 274.00 a 19.57 51.89 a 1.13 c 84.21 a 35.00 a
5.25 255.33 b 19.17 50.81 b 1.32 b 82.21 a 26.67 b
6 246.00 c 15.75 49.88 c 1.58 a 81.88 a 20.00 c
F值 A 4.25 — 2.31 30.00* 7.01 36.96*
F-value B 66.50** — 32.39* 49.55** 8.91** 174.23**
A×B 4.30 — 0.65 0.26 1.32 20.80
高秆型 200 4.5 428.00 a 28.34 52.67 a 1.93 c 81.20 a 83.33 a
Tall type 5.25 391.33 ab 27.58 50.84 b 2.18 b 80.27 a 60.00 b
6 368.00 b 15.14 50.82 b 2.54 a 76.80 b 43.33 c
240 4.5 396.00 a 19.80 51.80 a 2.05 c 78.07 a 68.89 a
5.25 372.00 a 18.03 50.77 ab 2.84 b 77.68 a 53.81 b
6 366.00 a 12.49 49.70 b 3.21 a 76.24 a 41.11 c
F值 A 7.06 — 88.58 18.96* 493.58* 79.91*
F-value B 5.55* — 7.50* 36.35** 8.24* 176.16**
A×B 0.60 — 0.54 4.70 1.40 5.93

表3

带宽、密度对鲜食大豆荚果商品性的影响"

年份Year 带宽
Bandwidth
(cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 矮秆型/大豆Dwarf maize/soybean 高秆型/大豆Tall maize/soybean
单株荚数
Effective pod number per plant		 2粒荚率
Two-pod rate per plan (%)		 3粒荚率
Three-pod rate per plant (%)		 单株荚数
Effective pod number per plant		 2粒荚率
Two-pod rate per plant (%)		 3粒荚率
Three-pod rate per plant (%)
2018 200 3.75 20.77 a 49.48 a 17.64 a 17.05 a 43.37 a 12.15 a
4.50 20.57 a 47.22 b 16.91 a 16.25 a 42.20 a 11.17 a
5.25 19.65 a 46.97 b 15.97 a 15.03 a 40.40 b 11.57 a
240 3.75 22.70 a 52.49 a 21.12 a 17.87 a 45.63 a 15.55 a
4.50 22.20 a 51.09 a 21.24 a 17.67 a 44.00 a 12.56 b
5.25 21.80 a 48.78 b 16.91 b 17.27 a 44.29 a 12.78 b
F值 A 8.63 11.87* 140.30* 2.59 15.22* 58.37*
F-value B 0.48 12.74* 13.64* 1.10 4.25* 6.19*
A×B 0.03 1.39 4.08 0.32 1.08 2.02
2019 200 4.50 19.18 a 46.48 a 14.93 b 15.70 a 48.50 a 15.64 a
5.25 20.17 a 50.54 a 17.81 a 15.37 a 47.72 a 14.18 ab
6.00 19.40 a 47.88 a 16.02 ab 14.43 a 46.00 b 12.31 b
240 4.50 20.20 a 50.08 a 24.00 a 17.83 a 56.83 a 18.70 a
5.25 21.03 a 56.01 a 20.74 ab 17.50 a 51.09 b 16.06 b
6.00 22.15 a 58.33 a 18.58 b 17.53 a 50.55 b 17.09 ab
F值 A 12.09 23.32* 19.35* 3.27 66.46* 22.60*
F-value B 1.52 1.50 2.79 0.19 23.64* 5.03*
A×B 0.56 0.59 6.48* 0.09 7.62* 1.52

表4

鲜食玉米和鲜食大豆产量及商品品质的主成分分析"

指标
Index		 矮秆型玉米-大豆 Dwarf maize-soybean 高秆型玉米-大豆 Tall maize-soybean
2018 2019 2018 2019
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2
鲜食玉米产量
Fresh corn yield (Z1)		 -0.139 0.858 -0.461 0.500 -0.640 0.582 -0.608 -0.399 0.681 0.264 -0.636
穗长
Ear length (Z2)		 0.953 -0.224 -0.088 0.861 0.479 -0.116 0.860 -0.207 0.156 0.955 0.238
穗粗
Ear diameter (Z3)		 0.804 -0.334 0.062 0.830 0.481 -0.168 0.754 -0.450 -0.404 0.900 0.204
秃尖长
Barren tip length (Z4)		 -0.877 0.424 -0.118 -0.964 -0.190 0.141 -0.544 0.514 0.651 -0.905 -0.019
出苞率
Bract rate (Z5)		 -0.845 0.225 0.443 -0.469 0.775 0.381 0.119 0.959 -0.198 -0.113 0.942
单穗重
Single ear weight (Z6)		 -0.787 -0.588 0.185 -0.838 0.226 0.464 0.323 0.903 -0.133 -0.269 0.897
果穗整齐度
Maize ear uniformity (Z7)		 -0.618 -0.278 0.708 -0.814 0.360 0.362 0.206 0.954 0.136 0.007 0.977
一级果穗率
One-level ear rate (Z8)		 0.720 -0.588 0.364 0.911 0.305 -0.147 0.812 -0.194 0.549 0.953 -0.170
鲜食大豆产量
Fresh soybean yield (Z9)		 0.483 0.780 0.315 0.797 0.027 0.580 0.966 0.166 0.157 0.967 0.139
单株荚数
Number of pods per plant (Z10)		 0.514 0.581 0.618 0.888 -0.324 0.209 0.918 0.174 0.350 0.939 -0.182
多粒荚率
Multiple pod rate (Z11)		 0.310 0.896 0.293 0.826 0.194 0.524 0.965 -0.218 0.061 0.951 0.294
特征值
Eigenvalues		 5.170 3.643 1.670 7.130 1.923 1.568 5.502 3.456 1.602 6.320 3.319
贡献率
Contribution (%)		 47.001 33.117 15.185 64.822 17.481 14.253 50.016 31.419 14.563 57.457 30.177
累计贡献率
Cumulative contribution (%)		 47.001 80.117 95.302 64.822 82.303 96.556 50.016 81.434 95.997 57.457 87.634

表5

鲜食玉米和鲜食大豆产量及商品品质的主成分综合评价得分"

年份Year 带宽
Bandwidth
(cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 矮秆型玉米-大豆Dwarf maize-soybean 高秆型玉米-大豆Tall maize-soybean
F1 F2 F3 评价得分Evaluation score F1 F2 F3 评价得分
Evaluation score
2018 200 3.75 2.834 -1.090 1.039 1.185 1.635 -1.887 -1.344 0.031
4.50 1.704 -0.609 -1.320 0.419 2.338 -0.604 1.485 1.246
5.25 1.470 2.830 -0.149 1.685 -2.318 -2.221 0.773 -1.817
240 3.75 -0.387 -1.997 1.326 -1.167 0.376 1.044 -1.674 0.284
4.50 -2.037 -1.030 -1.742 -1.640 1.413 2.386 0.774 1.634
5.25 -2.585 1.896 0.846 -0.481 -3.444 1.282 -0.015 -1.377
F1 F2 F3 得分 Score F1 F2 得分 Score
2019 200 4.50 2.606 -0.187 1.730 1.971 3.870 -0.134 2.491
5.25 3.354 0.848 -0.745 2.295 1.402 -1.850 0.282
6.00 0.044 -2.510 -1.150 -0.595 -1.635 -2.088 -1.791
240 4.50 -0.700 1.571 -1.275 -0.374 0.790 2.826 1.491
5.25 -1.416 -0.026 1.112 -0.791 -1.330 0.750 -0.614
6.00 -3.888 0.304 0.328 -2.506 -3.098 0.496 -1.860

表6

鲜食玉米和鲜食大豆产量及商品品质的综合评价"

年份
Year		 带宽
Bandwidth
(cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 矮秆型玉米-大豆Dwarf maize-soybean 高秆型玉米-大豆Tall maize-soybean
$S_{i}^{+}$ $S_{i}^{-}$ Ci $S_{i}^{+}$ $S_{i}^{-}$ Ci
2018 200 3.75 0.1221 0.0652 0.3480 0.0763 0.0666 0.4660
4.50 0.0535 0.0985 0.6482 0.0523 0.0712 0.5765
5.25 0.0510 0.1312 0.7200 0.0646 0.0609 0.4852
240 3.75 0.1292 0.0614 0.3220 0.0728 0.0559 0.4346
4.50 0.0743 0.0819 0.5244 0.0598 0.0808 0.5747
5.25 0.0653 0.1169 0.6415 0.0772 0.0687 0.4709
2019 200 4.50 0.0506 0.0858 0.6290 0.0579 0.1097 0.6544
5.25 0.0255 0.1080 0.8092 0.0686 0.0901 0.5677
6.00 0.0756 0.0703 0.4818 0.1240 0.0190 0.1326
240 4.50 0.1001 0.0464 0.3165 0.0815 0.0850 0.5103
5.25 0.0667 0.0660 0.4973 0.0845 0.0604 0.4166
6.00 0.0937 0.0534 0.3633 0.1209 0.0327 0.2131

表7

带宽、密度对经济效益的影响"

年份
Year		 带宽
Bandwidth
(cm)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 经济效益 Economic benefits (×104 Yuan hm-2)
矮秆型玉米-大豆 Dwarf maize-soybean 高秆型玉米-大豆 Tall maize-soybean
玉米Maize 大豆Soybean 总计Total 玉米Maize 大豆Soybean 总计Total
2018 200 3.75 4.74 3.48 8.22 7.12 2.85 9.97
4.50 5.28 3.31 8.59 7.84 2.74 10.58
5.25 5.49 3.15 8.65 7.69 2.62 10.31
240 3.75 4.47 3.81 8.27 6.82 3.40 10.23
4.50 4.65 3.69 8.33 7.01 3.32 10.33
5.25 5.02 3.55 8.57 6.88 3.10 9.97
2019 200 4.50 4.88 3.12 8.00 7.19 2.41 9.60
5.25 5.05 3.18 8.23 7.17 2.38 9.55
6.00 3.99 2.71 6.70 5.55 2.21 7.76
240 4.50 3.85 3.30 7.14 6.46 2.94 9.40
5.25 4.32 3.26 7.58 5.96 2.79 8.75
6.00 3.66 3.49 7.16 5.19 2.60 7.79
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