作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2625-2637.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13057
所属专题: 玉米:耕作栽培·生理生化
王利青1(
), 于晓芳1,2,*(
), 高聚林1,2,*(
), 马达灵1,2, 胡树平2,3, 郭怀怀1, 刘爱业4
WANG Li-Qing1(
), YU Xiao-Fang1,2,*(
), GAO Ju-Lin1,2,*(
), MA Da-Ling1,2, HU Shu-Ping2,3, GUO Huai-Huai1, LIU Ai-Ye4
摘要:
为了明确不同年代玉米品种的光合和灌浆特性对增加种植密度的响应差异, 为玉米合理增密增产提供理论依据。本研究以我国1970s—2010s五个在生产中大面积种植的玉米品种为材料, 设置了4.5万株 hm-2和10.5万株 hm-2两个种植密度, 进行3年大田试验。对不同种植密度下, 各年代玉米品种的产量及其构成因素、叶片光合性能和籽粒灌浆特性等指标进行对比分析。结果表明, 在低种植密度下, 2010s品种(登海618, Denghai 618, DH618)吐丝后穗位叶SPAD值、吐丝-吐丝后50 d穗位叶Pn和籽粒平均灌浆速率均较1970s—2000s品种显著提高了2.18~12.05、0.57~4.88 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1和0.02~0.09 g kernel-1 d-1, 活跃灌浆期显著延长了2.62~4.74 d, 从而使其粒重和产量显著增加(P<0.05)。增密后, 1970s和1980s品种产量降低, 1990s品种产量变化不显著, 而2000s和2010s品种产量显著增加, 且2010s品种产量增加幅度最大, 达到2.11 t hm-2。进一步对光合性能、灌浆特性与百粒重和产量等指标的相关分析表明, 高种植密度下2010s品种的百粒重对活跃灌浆期依赖程度增大(r=0.70), 其在吐丝期、乳熟期和成熟期均较1970s—2000s品种保持相对高的SPAD (提高了6.42%~41.92%), 延缓了叶片衰老, 使花后玉米叶片仍维持较高的光合势(leaf area duration, LAD)和吐丝后30~50 d的Pn (提高了1.09%~88.95%), 从而积累了较多的光合产物, 促使活跃灌浆期延长8.73%~15.80%, 平均灌浆速率增加了3.39%~24.33%, 进而维持了相对稳定的百粒重。
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